For “normal laboratory lighting” experiments, the chicks were kept under an illuminance of 500 lux at cage level, as measured by a radiometer (IL1700 Research Radiometer; International Light, Inc., Newburyport, MA), using normal ceiling-mounted triphosphor fluorescent lights (400–to 800 nm, peaking at 530 and 620 nm; Lumi Lux Plus, Voltimum UK, Ltd., London, UK), with a viewing distance of 5 m. For indoor low-light experiments, the chicks were reared in a specially designed cage that reduced the illuminance of the ceiling lights to 50 lux at cage level. The cage reduced the 5 m viewing distance to 60 cm on all but one side. For indoor high-illuminance experiments, the chicks were kept in a specially designed cage with two 1500-W (230-V) quartz-halogen lights (300–1000 nm, peaking at 700 nm) situated 1.5 m above the cage, which provided an illuminance at cage level of 15,000 lux. The 5-m viewing distance within the room was unaffected by the mounting of the high-intensity lights above the cage. For outdoor experiments, the chicks were placed on a balcony, allowing viewing distances up to 10 to 20 m, and exposed to direct sunlight, on full sunny days, at times between 12:30 to 1:00 PM during summer, with an average illuminance of 30,000 lux at cage level. The spectral composition of the sun, at noon, and the quartz-halogen lighting used were very similar over the visible range of the spectrum for the chicks (360–700 nm). This was confirmed using a handheld spectroscope with a digital camera attached to allow analysis of the spectral distribution in ImageJ. The quartz-halogen lights, however, contained a protective UV-absorbing cover glass, which blocked wavelengths below 400 nm.