@article{10.1167/iovs.12-9724,
    author = {Erdinest, Nir and Shmueli, Or and Grossman, Yoni and Ovadia, Haim and Solomon, Abraham},
    title = "{Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Alpha Linolenic Acid on Human Corneal Epithelial Cells}",
    journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
    volume = {53},
    number = {8},
    pages = {4396-4406},
    year = {2012},
    month = {07},
    abstract = "{   Systemic polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were shown to improve the symptoms of dry eye syndrome due to their anti-inflammatory effects. This study evaluated the in vitro anti-inflammatory effects of PUFAs on human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells.    HCE cells were incubated for 2 hours with different concentrations of PUFAs: alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), and linoleic acid (LA). Oleic acid (OA) and dexamethasone (DM) served as negative and positive controls, respectively. Cells were stimulated with either polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) complex. The protein contents and mRNA expression levels of IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, and TNF-α were evaluated with multiplex fluorescent bead immunoassay and real-time PCR, respectively. The expression of inhibitory factor-κBα (I-κBα) was evaluated with real-time PCR.    The protein and mRNA levels of IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, and TNF-α were significantly increased after stimulation with LPS or poly I:C. Following treatment with ALA, a significant decrease was demonstrated in the protein content of TNF-α to 23.81\\% (P \\< 0.001), IL-6 to 46.71\\% (P \\< 0.001), IL-1β to 20.86\\% (P \\< 0.05), and IL-8 to 52.21\\% (P \\< 0.001). Similar results were demonstrated at the mRNA level. The anti-inflammatory effects of ALA were similar to those of DM for all of the pro-inflammatory cytokines. The ALA inhibition of the pro-inflammatory cytokines was associated with a significant reduction of I-κBα.    ALA may serve as a potent anti-inflammatory agent in ocular surface inflammation. The anti-inflammatory effects of ALA are comparable to those of corticosteroids, and are mediated through NF-κB signal transduction.  }",
    issn = {1552-5783},
    doi = {10.1167/iovs.12-9724},
    url = {https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.12-9724},
    eprint = {https://arvojournals.org/arvo/content\_public/journal/iovs/933262/i1552-5783-53-8-4396.pdf},
}