We have studied 23 consecutive cases of PCO in uncomplicated
pseudophakia by means of retroillumination and of slit lamp–derived
reflected-light photographs to compare the relative ability of these
two imaging techniques to capture the opacification of the posterior
capsule in these eyes. Our results indicate that the grading of both
PCO extension and density may differ considerably with the two
photographic techniques. Reflected-light images consistently produced
higher severity scores for the opacity and in four cases proved to be
the only technique able to document the presence of PCO.
In 20 of the 23 cases BCVA increased significantly (at least two chart
lines; average increase 28 letters, SD = 10.8) after YAG laser
capsulotomy. In the remaining three cases the increase was at least 1
chart line. BCVA reached normal levels for the patient’s age in all
participants. We have therefore indirect evidence that PCO was indeed
present in these participants as removal of the obstruction along the
visual axis by capsulotomy resulted in the expected visual recovery.
An ideal grading of PCO should result in measures that correlate well
with the reduction of visual function induced by the opacity.
Unfortunately the task of predicting the degradation of the retinal
image by evaluating the morphology of the posterior capsule does not
seem to be an easy one, because it is highly influenced by two major
factors: the optical principles adopted to obtain PCO images and what
measure is used to quantify the visual impairment caused by PCO. Also
in our study the correlation of PCO gradings with BCVA, although
present with both systems, has some limitations.
Figure 6 shows that
retroillumination images do not detect some cases of PCO even in cases
of severe visual impairment, and that reflected-light images result in
high severity scores even in cases with relatively well preserved BCVA.
Retroillumination and reflected-light photography use different optical
principles to obtain images of the posterior lens capsule. The
microstructure of the opacity is highly variable (fibrosis and/or
pearls of different severity and distribution), resulting in the
combination of different effects on the incident light rays, that can
be refracted, reflected, absorbed, or scattered. The usual
retroillumination photograph basically detects absorption of the light
transmitted from the retina to the observer. Probably, this usual way
of looking at PCO may result in underestimation of its negative effects
on the transmission of images to the retina if the opacity behaves as a
matte surface. In fact such surfaces, differently from glossy ones,
have tiny imperfections that cause light to scatter still allowing good
uniform transmission of light (approximating a Lambertian light
source). An everyday example of this phenomenon is given by opalescent
glass (as mounted in light boxes or in showers), which provides good
uniform light diffusion, but highly affects the sharpness of images.
The scatter of light produced by a matte surface could be better
detected when using reflected rather than transmitted light. The
oblique incident light beam of a slit lamp seems adequate to reveal
this optical property at the level of the posterior capsule, particularly when a broad slit is used. Actually this is the same way
PCO is evaluated during clinical examination, even during YAG laser
treatment.
It must be noticed that in the present study some of the cases showed
relatively high visual acuity before capsulotomy. Nevertheless, they
complained decreased “visual function,” had significant posterior
capsule opacification at clinical examination, and were considered
eligible for YAG laser capsulotomy. This may indicate that visual
acuity alone is probably not the most adequate measure to quantify the
visual impairment caused by PCO. It is possible that the addition of
contrast sensitivity and glare testing to visual function assessment
could eventually result in the improvement of the correlation between
morphology and function.
Our results provide evidence that retroillumination and
slit-lamp–derived reflected-light photographs differ considerably in
their ability to adequately capture opacification of the posterior lens
capsule. This seems to be sometimes particularly evident as in four of
our cases only one of the photographic techniques was able to document
the existence and the severity of the opacity. These results are
consistent with our previous experience with the photographic
assessment of posterior capsular cataract, which suggests that the
subjective clinical assessment of this type of opacity at the slit
lamp, which allows the observer to examine the posterior lens surface
using different orientations of the light beam, might be more accurate
than using retroillumination photographs.
15 A limitation
of the present study is that we cannot exclude that by slightly
changing the angle between the illumination beam and the visual axis of
the eye one might, in individual cases, improve the ability of
retroillumination images to capture the opacification of the posterior
capsule. Nevertheless, adopting a standardized procedure seems to offer
some advantages in a technique to be used for scientific and not only
clinical purposes. It is also possible that the standardized AREDS
settings designed to maximize image brightness, which we used for
retroillumination photography, may not be optimal to visualize PCO.
In the present study we have adopted subjective grading systems of PCO
for retroillumination and reflected-light photographs. It would be of
interest to apply computerized image analysis procedures to obtain
fully automated and objective grading of PCO for both photographic
techniques.
In conclusion, our results indicate that slit-lamp–derived
reflected-light photography has an increased ability to adequately
capture the presence and the severity of PCO in pseudophakic eyes and
that the use of retroillumination images alone may lead to its
underestimation. This may be relevant to studies aiming to evaluate
incidence and progression of this condition.
Although our data suggest that the reflected-light approach might
be useful in documenting progression of PCO over time, the use of
reflected-light imaging should be tested in longitudinal trials before
this technique can be recommended.