Weekly lens wear duration, d | | | |
1 (13) | 0.54 ± 0.88 | 1.28 (1.14–1.43) | <0.0001 |
2 (13) | 0.77 ± 1.30 |
3 (9) | 0.56 ± 1.01 |
4 (19) | 0.47 ± 0.84 |
5 (34) | 1.94 ± 2.90 |
6 (40) | 1.90 ± 2.66 |
7 (285) | 2.24 ± 3.77 |
Daily lens wear duration, h | | | |
<14 Hours (170) | 1.62 ± 2.72 | 1.09 (1.04–1.14) | 0.001 |
≥14 Hours (243) | 2.21 ± 3.79 |
Deposits | | | |
0 (333) | 1.82 ± 3.18 | 1.30 (1.05–1.61) | 0.01 |
1 (38) | 1.84 ± 3.42 |
2 (20) | 3.55 ± 5.03 |
3 (6) | 6.00 ± 7.01 |
4 (4) | 2.50 ± 1.73 |
Asthma | | | |
No (359) | 2.09 ± 3.58 | 0.56 (0.33–0.95) | 0.03 |
Yes (47) | 1.17 ± 1.58 |
Lissamine green staining | | | |
<4 (176) | 1.78 ± 3.5 | 1.03 (1.00–1.06) | 0.04 |
≥4 (235) | 2.11 ± 3.33 |
Lids scrubs/compresses | | | |
No (384) | 1.85 ± 3.11 | 1.86 (1.04–3.35) | 0.04 |
Yes (29) | 3.45 ± 5.91 |
FDA group | | | |
1 (41) | 2.90 ± 4.75 | REF | |
2 (71) | 2.20 ± 4.15 | 0.76 (0.41–1.39) | 0.04 |
4 (187) | 1.46 ± 2.02 | 0.50 (0.29–0.89) |
Silicone hydrogel (76) | 2.09 ± 4.01 | 0.72 (0.40–1.31) | |
Ability to wear lenses as long as desired | | | |
Yes (128) | 1.51 ± 2.78 | 1.44 (1.02–2.03) | 0.04 |
No (285) | 2.17 ± 3.63 |
Lid margin vascularization | | | |
1 (295) | 2.15 ± 3.73 | 0.78 (0.60–1.00) | 0.05 |
2 (86) | 1.55 ± 2.44 |
3 (32) | 1.41 ± 2.08 |
Tear meniscus height, mm | | | |
<0.20 (128) | 1.63 ± 2.83 | 3.82 (0.92–15.88) | 0.06 |
≥0.20 (282) | 2.10 ± 3.61 |
Race | | | |
White (326) | 1.81 ± 3.17 | 1.42 (0.97–2.07) | 0.07 |
Non-white (86) | 2.57 ± 4.11 |
Lipid layer thickness | | | |
Absent, 0–13 nm (30) | 3.07 ± 4.13 | 0.92 (0.83–1.01) | 0.08 |
Open meshwork, 13–50 nm (84) | 2.71 ± 3.86 |
Closed meshwork, 13–50 nm (73) | 1.25 ± 1.67 |
Wave/flow, 50–70 nm (134) | 1.77 ± 3.68 |
Amorphous, 80–90 nm (44) | 1.84 ± 3.12 |
Colored fringe brown, 90–140 nm (34) | 1.15 ± 2.64 |
Colored fringe blue, >140 nm (13) | 3.31 ± 4.07 |
Income | | | |
$0–$44,999 (143) | 2.41 ± 3.73 | REF | |
$44,999–$74,999 (149) | 1.56 ± 2.92 | 0.65 (0.45–0.94) | 0.08 |
$75,000+ (118) | 1.96 ± 3.53 | 0.81 (0.55–1.20) | |
Hormone replacement therapy, women only | | | |
No (259) | 2.12 ± 3.40 | 0.50 (0.23–1.10) | 0.08 |
Yes (18) | 1.06 ± 1.55 |
ΔWater content, % | | | |
<−4.05 (140) | 1.39 ± 2.27 | 1.05 (0.99–1.11) | 0.09 |
≥−4.05 (140) | 2.16 ± 3.53 |
Nominal water content, % | | | |
<50 (115) | 2.30 ± 4.24 | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 0.10 |
≥50 (249) | 1.66 ± 2.81 |
Lens type | | | |
Soft (378) | 1.88 ± 3.33 | 0.64 (0.37–1.11) | 0.11 |
Gas permeable (35) | 2.91 ± 4.02 |
Nasal steroids | | | |
No (392) | 2.01 ± 3.46 | 0.54 (0.25–1.17) | 0.12 |
Yes (21) | 1.10 ± 1.55 |
Meibomian gland count | | | |
<7.5 glands (178) | 2.30 ± 3.64 | 0.96 (0.92–1.01) | 0.13 |
≥7.5 glands (218) | 1.78 ± 3.28 |
Education | | | |
High school or less (89) | 1.53 ± 2.35 | 0.89 (0.55–1.44) | |
Associates or bachelors degree (233) | 2.22 ± 3.93 | 1.29 (0.87–1.91) | 0.14 |
Masters+ (91) | 1.73 ± 2.70 | REF | |
Dry eye treatments, n | | | |
0 (185) | 1.66 ± 3.09 | 1.20 (0.94–1.52) | 0.14 |
1 (178) | 2.28 ± 3.75 |
2 (35) | 2.31 ± 3.59 |
3+ (6) | 1.50 ± 1.76 |
Doctor recommended discontinuation of lens wear | | | |
Yes (262) | 1.82 ± 2.91 | 1.27 (0.92–1.75) | 0.15 |
No (145) | 2.30 ± 4.17 |
Hypothyroid | | | |
No (393) | 2.01 ± 3.46 | 0.58 (0.26–1.31) | 0.19 |
Yes (18) | 1.17 ± 1.65 |
Dry eye status | | | |
No (161) | 2.17 ± 3.78 | 0.79 (0.56–1.12) | 0.19 |
Yes (198) | 1.77 ± 2.97 |
Antihypertensive medications | | | |
No (391) | 1.91 ± 3.32 | 1.57 (0.79–3.14) | 0.20 |
Yes (21) | 3.00 ± 4.67 |
Cancer | | | |
No (401) | 1.99 ± 3.43 | 0.5 (0.17–1.45) | 0.20 |
Yes (11) | 1.00 ± 1.79 |
Nominal refractive index | | | |
<1.41 (87) | 2.14 ± 3.88 | 1.83 (0.69–4.87) | 0.22 |
≥1.41 (277) | 1.78 ± 3.15 |
Measured refractive index | | | |
<1.43 (177) | 1.77 ± 3.03 | 1.88 (0.63–5.64) | 0.26 |
≥1.43 (178) | 2.10 ± 3.74 |
Seasonal allergies | | | |
No (190) | 2.15 ± 3.68 | 0.84 (0.61–1.15) | 0.27 |
Yes (223) | 1.80 ± 3.14 |
Tranquilizer medicines | | | |
No (367) | 1.90 ± 3.30 | 1.32 (0.81–2.15) | 0.27 |
Yes (46) | 2.50 ± 4.09 |
Overnight lens wear | | | |
No (370) | 1.89 ± 3.25 | 1.33 (0.80–2.22) | 0.27 |
Yes (42) | 2.52 ± 4.52 |
Cataract | | | |
No (393) | 1.94 ± 3.33 | 0.59 (0.23–1.55) | 0.29 |
Yes (13) | 1.15 ± 1.99 |
Antihistamine use | | | |
No (352) | 2.03 ± 3.52 | 0.79 (0.51–1.24) | 0.31 |
Yes (61) | 1.61 ± 2.60 |
Sterility | | | |
No (379) | 1.93 ± 3.38 | 1.35 (0.75–2.43) | 0.32 |
Yes (30) | 2.60 ± 3.78 |
Over-the-counter cough medications | | | |
No (364) | 1.90 ± 3.28 | 1.26 (0.78–2.04) | 0.33 |
Yes (49) | 2.41 ± 4.19 |
Overall satisfaction with current contact lenses | | | |
Very dissatisfied (6) | 0.33 ± 0.52 | 1.13 (0.87–1.47) | 0.36 |
Dissatisfied (25) | 1.80 ± 2.20 |
Satisfied (231) | 1.97 ± 3.36 |
Very satisfied (151) | 2.04 ± 3.67 |
Modality | | | |
Daily disposable (32) | 1.47 ± 2.03 | 0.86 (0.46–1.62) | |
Two week (202) | 1.70 ± 2.85 | REF | 0.38 |
Monthly (120) | 2.23 ± 4.10 | 1.32 (0.91–1.90) |
Quarterly+ (23) | 2.22 ± 4.11 | 1.31 (0.65–2.63) | |
Limbal injection | | | |
None (268) | 2.09 ± 3.75 | 0.90 (0.71–1.15) | 0.41 |
Mild (113) | 1.67 ± 2.45 |
Moderate (30) | 1.97 ± 3.29 |
Severe (1) | 2.00 |
Smoking, cigarettes or pipe | | | |
Not at all (365) | 1.90 ± 3.40 | 1.15 (0.82–1.60) | 0.41 |
Some days (30) | 1.73 ± 2.38 |
Every day (16) | 2.94 ± 3.34 |
Hyperlipidemia | | | |
No (371) | 1.93 ± 3.36 | 1.23 (0.73–2.08) | 0.43 |
Yes (40) | 2.38 ± 3.82 |
Sleep medication | | | |
No (402) | 1.94 ± 3.31 | 1.45 (0.56–3.75) | 0.44 |
Yes (11) | 2.82 ± 5.84 |
Sex | | | |
Male (136) | 1.79 ± 3.55 | 1.14 (0.81–1.60) | 0.44 |
Female (277) | 2.05 ± 3.32 |
Recent contact lens refitting | | | |
No (376) | 1.92 ± 3.36 | 1.24 (0.72–2.13) | 0.44 |
Yes (37) | 2.38 ± 3.79 |
Eye sensitivity to smog | | | |
Not at all (274) | 1.99 ± 3.26 | 0.90 (0.69–1.18) | 0.45 |
Occasionally (111) | 2.05 ± 3.80 |
Often (24) | 1.54 ± 3.30 |
All the time (3) | 0.00 |
Dryness and irritation on the day after alcohol consumption | | | |
Not at all or occasionally (321) | 1.95 ± 3.35 | 1.12 (0.73–1.72) | |
Often or all the time (22) | 2.77 ± 5.10 | 1.58 (0.74–3.41) | 0.48 |
No alcohol consumption (68) | 1.75 ± 2.98 | REF | |
Arthritis | | | |
No (371) | 1.93 ± 3.36 | 1.21 (0.71–2.04) | 0.48 |
Yes (40) | 2.33 ± 3.84 |
Ophthalmic medication | | | |
No (399) | 1.94 ± 3.35 | 1.32 (0.57–3.1) | 0.52 |
Yes (14) | 2.57 ± 4.77 |
Diuretic medicines | | | |
No (403) | 1.98 ± 3.42 | 0.71 (0.25–2.04) | 0.52 |
Yes (10) | 1.40 ± 2.07 |
Tear debris | | | |
None (259) | 1.90 ± 3.46 | 1.08 (0.84–1.38) | 0.55 |
Mild (123) | 2.07 ± 3.36 |
Moderate (29) | 2.03 ± 3.20 |
Severe (1) | 5.00 |
Diet medicines | | | |
No (182) | 1.86 ± 3.05 | 1.10 (0.80–1.51) | 0.55 |
Yes (230) | 2.05 ± 3.66 |
PLTF thinning time, s | | | |
<7.57 (206) | 2.18 ± 3.36 | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 0.56 |
≥7.57 (207) | 1.75 ± 3.43 |
Osmolality, mOsM | | | |
<299 (179) | 2.02 ± 3.79 | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.57 |
≥299 (186) | 1.95 ± 3.04 |
Phenol red thread, mm | | | |
<21 (206) | 1.76 ± 2.93 | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 0.57 |
≥21 (207) | 2.17 ± 3.81 |
Disinfectant from care solution | | | |
Generic (31) | 1.55 ± 1.79 | 0.80 (0.42–1.52) | |
Hydrogen Peroxide (20) | 2.20 ± 4.53 | 1.14 (0.54–2.41) | 0.57 |
None (71) (e.g., daily disposable or extended wear) | 2.48 ± 3.87 | 1.28 (0.82–2.00) |
PHMB (165) | 1.93 ± 3.65 | REF |
Polyquad (122) | 1.75 ± 2.84 | 0.9 (0.62–1.33) | |
Hypertension | | | |
No (382) | 1.94 ± 3.35 | 1.18 (0.66–2.13) | 0.58 |
Yes (31) | 2.29 ± 4.03 |
Eye sensitivity to heating and cooling | | | |
Not at all (138) | 2.28 ± 3.97 | 0.95 (0.81–1.13) | 0.58 |
Occasionally (171) | 1.76 ± 2.78 |
Often (77) | 1.58 ± 3.02 |
All the time (27) | 2.70 ± 4.56 |
Measured water content. % | | | |
<51.1% (183) | 1.93 ± 3.41 | 0.99 (0.97–1.02) | 0.61 |
≥51.1% (187) | 1.79 ± 3.02 |
Age when started lens wear, y | | | |
<16 years (202) | 1.86 ± 3.46 | 0.99 (0.97–1.02) | 0.63 |
≥16 years (211) | 2.06 ± 3.34 |
Care solution | | | |
Complete Moisture Plus (Advanced Medical Optics, Inc., Santa Ana, CA) (42) | 2.26 ± 4.32 | 1.29 (0.73–2.27) | 0.67 |
Generic (31) | 1.55 ± 1.79 | 0.88 (0.46–1.70) |
None (71) (e.g., daily disposable or extended wear) | 2.48 ± 3.87 | 1.41 (0.88–2.26) |
Opti-Free Express (Alcon Laboratories, Fort Worth TX) (120) | 1.76 ± 2.86 | REF |
Other (32) | 2.00 ± 3.85 | 1.14 (0.60–2.15) |
Renu Multiplus (Bausch & Lomb, Rochester, NY) (115) | 1.85 ± 3.48 | 1.05 (0.69–1.60) |
OTC pain medications | | | |
No (212) | 2.02 ± 3.47 | 0.94 (0.69–1.29) | 0.71 |
Yes (200) | 1.90 ± 3.33 |
Frequency of needing to remove lenses (due to lenses bothering the eyes) | | | |
Never (3) | 1.67 ± 2.08 | 1.04 (0.81–1.35) | 0.74 |
Less than once per week (37) | 1.08 ± 1.48 |
Weekly (35) | 2.09 ± 4.26 |
Several times per week (33) | 1.64 ± 2.78 |
Once per day (16) | 1.38 ± 1.26 |
Several times per day (4) | 1.25 ± 1.26 |
Blink | | | |
Normal (321) | 1.99 ± 3.52 | 0.94 (0.64–1.37) | 0.75 |
Abnormal (92) | 1.87 ± 2.93 |
Postmenopausal women | | | |
No (242) | 2.05 ± 3.35 | 0.91 (0.51–1.63) | 0.75 |
Yes (31) | 1.87 ± 3.19 |
Age, y | | | |
<26 years (204) | 2.17 ± 3.78 | 1.00 (0.98 to 1.01) | 0.76 |
≥26 years (209) | 1.77 ± 2.97 |
Bulbar injection | | | |
None (143) | 2.03 ± 3.80 | 1.02 (0.83–1.27) | 0.84 |
Mild (192) | 1.81 ± 2.99 |
Moderate (77) | 2.26 ± 3.60 |
Severe (1) | 0.00 |
Cholesterol medications | | | |
No (397) | 1.96 ± 3.44 | 1.09 (0.48–2.44) | 0.84 |
Yes (16) | 2.13 ± 2.13 |
Dry eye diagnosis/symptoms without lens wear | | | |
Yes (347) | 1.98 ± 3.41 | 0.96 (0.62–1.48) | 0.84 |
No (65) | 1.89 ± 3.40 |
Eye sensitivity to smoke | | | |
Not at all (75) | 1.88 ± 3.15 | 0.98 (0.83–1.16) | 0.83 |
Occasionally (208) | 2.17 ± 3.49 |
Often (75) | 1.25 ± 2.55 |
All the time (55) | 2.27 ± 4.22 |
Meibomian gland capping | | | |
1 (266) | 2.02 ± 3.53 | 0.98 (0.78–1.23) | 0.85 |
2 (109) | 1.77 ± 2.83 |
3 (36) | 2.14 ± 4.04 |
4 (2) | 2.00 ± 2.83 |
Multivitamins | | | |
No (233) | 1.99 ± 3.56 | 0.97 (0.71–1.34) | 0.87 |
Yes (190) | 1.94 ± 3.21 |
Δ refractive index | | | |
<0.02 (173) | 1.79 ± 3.02 | 0.87 (0.08–9.17) | 0.91 |
≥0.02 (174) | 2.07 ± 3.75 |
Prior infection associated with lens wear | | | |
Yes (348) | 1.97 ± 3.43 | 0.98 (0.64–1.52) | 0.94 |
No (64) | 1.94 ± 3.27 |
Oral contraceptives, women only | | | |
No (182) | 2.04 ± 3.19 | 1.01 (0.69–1.48) | 0.95 |
Yes (95) | 2.06 ± 3.57 |
Diabetes | | | |
No (401) | 1.97 ± 3.42 | 0.98 (0.38–2.49) | 0.96 |
Yes (12) | 1.92 ± 2.75 |
Overall vision with current lenses | | | |
Very dissatisfied (5) | 0.60 ± 0.89 | 1.01 (0.77–1.31) | 0.96 |
Dissatisfied (22) | 1.95 ± 3.11 |
Satisfied (218) | 2.05 ± 3.63 |
Very satisfied (168) | 1.89 ± 3.18 |
Artificial tears/rewetting drops | | | |
No (214) | 1.96 ± 3.68 | 1.00 (0.73–1.37) | 0.99 |
Yes (199) | 1.96 ± 3.07 |
Total years lenses worn | | | |
<11 years (201) | 2.16 ± 3.71 | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 0.99 |
≥11 years (212) | 1.77 ± 3.07 |
Meibomian gland dropout | | | |
1 (no partial glands) (224) | 2.09 ± 3.84 | 1.00 (0.83–1.21) | 0.99 |
2 (<25% partial glands) (126) | 1.67 ± 2.54 |
3 (25% to 75% partial glands) (45) | 2.22 ± 2.98 |
4 (>75% partial glands) (12) | 2.50 ± 4.58 |
Previous conjunctivitis | | | |
No (235) | 1.97 ± 3.28 | 1.00 (0.72–1.37) | 0.99 |
Yes (176) | 1.96 ± 3.57 |
Retinopathy | | | |
No (411) | 1.96 ± 3.40 | NA | NA |
Yes (1) | 4.00 |
Heart disease | | | |
No (405) | 1.97 ± 3.42 | NA | NA |
Yes (3) | 1.67 ± 2.89 |
Osteoporosis | | | |
No (405) | 1.98 ± 3.42 | NA | NA |
Yes (4) | 1.00 ± 2.00 |
Glaucoma | | | |
No (406) | 1.97 ± 3.42 | NA | NA |
Yes (4) | 1.75 ± 2.22 |
Steroid medicines | | | |
No (406) | 1.98 ± 3.42 | NA | NA |
Yes (7) | 1.14 ± 1.21 |
Arthritis medicines | | | |
No (406) | 1.99 ± 3.42 | NA | NA |
Yes (7) | 0.57 ± 0.79 |
Retinal detachment | | | |
No (403) | 1.95 ± 3.40 | NA | NA |
Yes (8) | 1.50 ± 2.07 |
Lupus | | | |
No (409) | 1.97 ± 3.41 | NA | NA |
Yes (3) | 1.33 ± 1.53 |
Macular degeneration | | | |
No (404) | 1.92 ± 3.39 | NA | NA |
Yes (1) | 1.00 |
Humidifier | | | |
No (404) | 1.98 ± 3.42 | NA | NA |
Yes (7) | 1.43 ± 1.99 |
Punctal occlusion | | | |
No (410) | 1.96 ± 3.41 | NA | NA |
Yes (2) | 4.00 ± 1.41 |
Ointment | | | |
No (405) | 1.98 ± 3.43 | NA | NA |
Yes (1) | 2.00 |