All surgeries were performed by a single surgeon (FO) under sub-Tenon local anesthesia. The crystalline lens was removed by phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation was performed when required, followed by 20-gauge, three-port pars plana vitrectomy or 25-gauge transconjunctival vitrectomy. With conventional contact lenses, posterior hyaloid separation and removal of the posterior vitreous membrane were performed. Peripheral retinal examination with scleral depression was performed to search for a retinal tear or dialysis in all cases. In the patients with PDR, bimanual delamination, en bloc dissection, and segmentation techniques were used to remove proliferative tissues, and when required, 20% sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gas and/or silicone oil was injected. In the patients with ERM, the membrane was engaged and removed from the macula with a pick and intraocular forceps. In the patients with MH, the limiting membrane was peeled off with the aid of indocyanine green or triamcinolone acetonide, followed by injection 20% SF6 gas. In the patients with RD, surgical procedures comprised release of vitreous traction around the breaks, internal drainage of the subretinal fluid, total gas–fluid exchange (20% SF6), and endolaser photocoagulation. In the patients with macular edema due to DME, BRVO, and CRVO, triamcinolone acetonide (4 mg in 0.1 mL) was injected into the vitreous cavity, and 20 mg in 0.5 mL triamcinolone acetonide was administered into the sub-Tenon space of the superior temporal quadrant approximately 10 mm posterior to the limbus, at the end of surgery.