Christen et al.60 (1992 USA) | 5 | 1982–1987 | Volunteer health professionals (N = 17,824 male only) | 40−84 | Nuclear PSC Any type | Self-report confirmed by medical record review | Past Current (≥20 cigarettes/ day) | Age, aspirin, β-carotene treatment assignment, history of diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol levels, obesity, alcohol use, physical activity, parental history of myocardial infarction. |
Christen et al.28 (2000 USA) | 13.6 | 1982–1997 | Volunteer health professionals (N = 20,907 male only) | 40−84 | Any type Extraction | Self-report confirmed by medical record review | Past Current | Age, diabetes, hypertension, BMI, alcohol use, aspirin and β-carotene treatment assignment, physical activity, parental history of myocardial infarction, current multivitamin use, and number of cigarettes smoked |
Klein et al.61 (2003 USA) | 5 | 1987–1995 | Population-based (N = 3664) | 43−84 | Nuclear Cortical PSC Extraction | The Wisconsin Cataract Grading system | Current (≥35 pack-years) | Age, sex |
Leske et al.64 (1998 USA) | 4.6 | 1989–1993 | Clinic-based (N = 764) | ≥40 | Nuclear Opalescence increased | LOCS III | Current others | Age, education |
Weintraub et al.29 (2002 USA) | 16 (female) | 1980–1996 | Volunteer health professionals (N = 124,690) | >45 | Extraction | Self-report confirmed by ophthalmologists or nurses | Current Past | Age, diabetes mellitus, BMI, dietary intake of lutein/zeaxanthin, state of residence at baseline, and 2-year time period |
10 (male) | 1986–1996 |
Mares et al.69 (2010 USA) | 6 | 1994–2004 | Population-based (N = 1808 female only) | 50−79 | Nuclear or extraction | AREDS-SCC | Ever (pack- years ≥7) | Age, iris pigmentation, HEI-1995 score, BMI, pulse pressure, dietary variables, energy |
Mukesh et al.67 (2006 Australia) | 5 | 1992–1999 | Population-based (N = 3721) | ≥40 | Cortical Nuclear PSC | The Wilmer cataract grading system | Past Current | Age, sex, diagnosed with arthritis, occupation, country of birth, diabetes |
Lindblad et al.66 (2005 Sweden) | 5 | 1997–2002 | Population-based (N = 34,595 female only) | 49−83 | Extraction | The Swedish National Cataract Register | Past Current >(smokers 15 cigarettes/day) | Age, diabetes, hypertension, steroid medication use, alcohol consumption, vitamin supplement use, BMI, education. |
Tan et al.68 (2008 Australia) | 10.5 | 1992–2004 | Population-based (N = 2406) | ≥49 | Nuclear Cortical PSC Extraction | The Wisconsin Cataract Grading System | Ever Past Current (pack- years ≥36) | Age, sex, hypertension, myopia, diabetes, skin damage, ever use of oral or inhaled steroids. |
Delcourt et al.65 (2003 France) | 3 | 1998–2000 | Population-based (N = 1736) | ≥60 | Nuclear Cortical PSC Extraction | LOCS III | Current Past Ever (pack-years ≥40) | Age, gender and C0, NO0, P0 for cataract surgery, and NO0, P0 for cortical cataract, and C0, P0 for nuclear cataract, and C0, NO0 for posterior subcapsular cataract |
Hiller et al. 63 (1997 USA) | 12.5 | 1973–1989 | Surviving members of the Framingham Heart Study Cohort (N = 660) | 52−80 | Nuclear opacity Nonnuclear opacity | The Taylor and West grading system | Past Current (≥20 cigarettes /day) | Age, sex, education, diabetes |
West et al.62 (1995 USA) | 5 | 1985–1990 | Volunteer health professionals (N = 442 male only) | ≥30 | Nuclear | The Wilmer cataract photograph grading system. | Current Past | Age, baseline opacity status, and alcohol use |
Zhang et al.70 (2011 China) | 5 | 2001–2006 | Population-based (N = 3251) | ≥45 | Nuclear Cortical PSC Any type Extraction | Modified AREDS-SCC | Ever | Age, gender, education, income, BMI, refractive error, alcohol consumption |