June 2013
Volume 54, Issue 15
Free
ARVO Annual Meeting Abstract  |   June 2013
Novel and safe technique for smartphone fundus photography: Application in human and animal eyes
Author Affiliations & Notes
  • Luis Haddock
    Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA
  • David Kim
    Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA
  • Francois Delori
    Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston, MA
  • Shizuo Mukai
    Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA
  • Footnotes
    Commercial Relationships Luis Haddock, None; David Kim, None; Francois Delori, None; Shizuo Mukai, None
  • Footnotes
    Support None
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science June 2013, Vol.54, 5869. doi:
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      Luis Haddock, David Kim, Francois Delori, Shizuo Mukai; Novel and safe technique for smartphone fundus photography: Application in human and animal eyes. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2013;54(15):5869.

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      © ARVO (1962-2015); The Authors (2016-present)

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Abstract
 
Purpose
 

We describe a novel technique of smartphone fundus photography in human and rabbit eyes. We measured the retinal irradiance of the system to confirm the photobiological safety of this technique in human eyes

 
Methods
 

Smartphone fundus images were captured with an iPhone 4 (Apple Inc, Cupertino, CA) and a 20D lens using the coaxial light source of the phone as an indirect ophthalmoscope.The application Filmic Pro (Cinegenix LLC, Seattle, WA) was used to control focus and exposure while a Koeppe lens was used to maintain a clear view. Video capture was used with subsequent still-image extraction.Light levels were measured with a radiometer (United Detector Technology, San Diego, CA) by placing the light source 30 cm in front of the 20D lens and measuring radiant power at 5 cm behind the lens. The radiant power was measured for a 50° field of retinal irradiance. The spectral distribution was measured with a spectroradiometer (USB4000 Ocean Optics, Dunedin, FL). Similar measurements were made on a standard indirect ophthalmoscope, Keeler Vantage Plus LED (Keeler Instruments, Broomall, PA) for comparison.

 
Results
 

The described technique of smartphone fundoscopy captured excellent images in awake adults and children under anesthesia (Figure 1). Photodocumentation of rabbit fundus was achieved in control and experimental eyes (FIgure 2). Light level measurements revealed that the light source radiant power was 8 mW. The weighted retinal irradiance was 4.6 mW/cm2,150 times below the thermal hazard limit (706 mW/cm2) set by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO 15004-2.2). The weighted retinal radiant exposure was 41 mJ/cm2 (duration of 1 minute), 240 times below the photochemical hazard limit (10 J/cm2). The spectral distribution was limited to the 400-700 nm wavelength with 70% of light in the blue/green part of the spectrum. Light levels produced by Keeler Vantage Plus LED ophthalmoscope were 10 times those of the smartphone. Both devices had similar spectral distribution.

 
Conclusions
 

High quality fundus images can be captured using the camera and light source of the iPhone 4 in combination with the application Filmic Pro and a Koeppe lens. The iPhone 4 light source when used with a condensing lens for smartphone fundoscopy with the described technique was well within the safety standards for human eyes.

 
 
Figure 2- Rabbit eye with induced PVR
 
Figure 2- Rabbit eye with induced PVR
 
 
Figure 1- Human eye with retinoblastoma
 
Figure 1- Human eye with retinoblastoma
 
Keywords: 552 imaging methods (CT, FA, ICG, MRI, OCT, RTA, SLO, ultrasound) • 688 retina  
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