All tissue culture plastic ware was from BD Biosciences (Lincoln Park, NJ). Culture plate inserts used for fastening AM were from Millipore (Bedford, MA). Amphotericin B, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), gentamicin, Hank’s balanced salt solution (HBSS), HEPES-buffer, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), 0.05% trypsin/0.53mM EDTA, and RNA extraction reagent (TRIzol) reagent were purchased from Invitrogen-Gibco (Grand Island, NY). Gradient SDS-polyacrylamide gel (4%–15%) and horseradish secondary anti-rabbit antibody were from Bio-Rad (Hercules, CA). A mouse monoclonal antibody against CD34 (QBEnd 10 clone) and α-SMA were from Dako (Carpinteria, CA). Collagenase A was obtained from Roche (Indianapolis, IN). All other materials such as minobenzamidine, chloroform EDTA tetrasodium salt, guanidine, human recombinant TGF-β1, hydrochloric acid, isopropanolol, insulin-transferrin-sodium selenite (ITS), sodium acetate, urea, and mouse monoclonal antibodies against α-SMA and β-actin were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO).