Disruption of the intraretinal oxygen environment is thought to be a component of many retinal diseases. Understanding the normal oxygen environment in the retina is necessary if the influence of disease states is to be assessed. In the rat, measurements of intraretinal oxygen distribution have now been made in mature animals
1 and in juvenile animals as young as postnatal day (P)20.
2 In the present work, we examined the intraretinal oxygen distribution and consumption at P15, a time when the eye is about to open and retinal development is incomplete. At this age, the naturally occurring wave of photoreceptor cell death begins.
3 Manipulation of the retinal oxygen environment at this “critical period” can modulate the rate of photoreceptor cell death, suggesting a role for oxygen in the normal development process.
3 The intraretinal oxygen distribution at this time point is therefore of particular interest. Oxygen information from rats younger than P20 is confined to vitreous measurements using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques in newborn rats (20 g body weight).
4 Such measurements of vitreal oxygen tension reflect the oxygen level of the adjacent inner retina, but they tell us little about the oxygen environment within the deeper layers of the retina. This is an important limitation, since the intraretinal oxygen distribution is remarkably heterogeneous. Even in normal animals, there can be significant hypoxia within the retina that is not reflected in vitreal oxygen levels.
5 Thus, the normal intraretinal oxygen environment in the retina of rats younger than P20 is not known. There is histologic evidence that the structure of the rat retina continues to evolve in the first few weeks after birth.
6 Although the number of retinal ganglion cells and axons has peaked at birth,
7 the inner plexiform layer (IPL) first appears only on the last day of gestation and the outer plexiform layer (OPL) at P5, and neither is mature at P15.
6 It has been demonstrated that light stimuli can alter the retinal plasticity in the IPL during retinal development after eye opening.
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