Details about height, weight, body mass index (BMI; weight (kg)/[height (m)]
2), systolic and diastolic blood pressures, axial length, anterior chamber depth, and corneal curvature in horizontal and vertical meridians were obtained. Nonfasting serum glucose, lipids (total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, direct LDL cholesterol), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1
c), and creatinine were measured from venous blood samples collected from participants. Other collected data were country of birth, marital status, education, occupation, and current housing status. Information about participants’ lifestyle (including cigarette smoking), eye symptoms, use of glasses, systemic medical and surgical history, bone fracture history, current medications, and family history of eye disease was also recorded. Female participants were asked questions on gender-related health. The modified EuroQoL Health Questionnaire (EQ-5D)
32 was used to assess overall quality of life consisting of five dimensions (mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression), each of which can have one of three responses (no problems, some or moderate problems, or extreme problems). The EQ-5D utility index scores usually range between 0.0 (death) and 1.0 (perfect health).