Participants underwent a comprehensive assessment that included a range of clinical, biochemical, and anthropometric measures and questionnaires on lifestyle, psychosocial factors and quality of life. The main outcome was EQ-5D utility as an indicator of HRQoL. Key covariables included age (years), sex, duration of diabetes (years), insulin use, presence of one or more general comorbidities, presence of diabetic complications other than DR/DME (including diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, and peripheral vascular disease), educational attainment, household income, marital status, HbA1c (%), fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL), HDL cholesterol (mg/dL), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP; mm Hg), body mass index (BMI; kg/m2), and smoking status.