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Retina  |   March 2014
Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors for Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Persons 90 Years and Older
Author Affiliations & Notes
  • Lebriz Ersoy
    Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
  • Tina Ristau
    Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
  • Moritz Hahn
    Institute of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Epidemiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
  • Marcus Karlstetter
    Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
  • Thomas Langmann
    Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
  • Katharina Dröge
    Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
  • Albert Caramoy
    Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
  • Anneke I. den Hollander
    Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
  • Sascha Fauser
    Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
  • Correspondence: Sascha Fauser, University Hospital of Cologne, Department of Ophthalmology, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50924 Cologne, Germany; [email protected]
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science March 2014, Vol.55, 1842-1847. doi:https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.13-13420
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      Lebriz Ersoy, Tina Ristau, Moritz Hahn, Marcus Karlstetter, Thomas Langmann, Katharina Dröge, Albert Caramoy, Anneke I. den Hollander, Sascha Fauser; Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors for Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Persons 90 Years and Older. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2014;55(3):1842-1847. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.13-13420.

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      © ARVO (1962-2015); The Authors (2016-present)

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Abstract

Purpose.: We studied associations of genetic polymorphisms in age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2 (ARMS2) and complement factor H (CFH) in nonagenarians with age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

Methods.: This case-control study comprised 2737 persons (1204 controls, 1433 AMD cases), including 166 nonagenarians (52 controls, 114 AMD cases). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genes ARMS2 and CFH were determined. Risk scores were computed by multiple logistic regression analysis, including genetic and environmental risk factors (smoking, hypertension, body mass index, diabetes) for different age groups (<70, 70–79, 80–89, ≥90 years [nonagenarians]).

Results.: In nonagenarians, ARMS2 showed the weakest associations with AMD (odds ratio [OR] = 1.52, P = 0.127) compared to the other groups (OR, 70 years = 2.23, P = 1.03 × 10−13; OR, 70–79 years = 2.70, P = 1.00 × 10−13; OR, 80–89 years = 3.11, P = 6.56 × 10−8). For CFH, ORs for AMD increased with age (<70 years OR = 1.96, P = 1.80 × 10−11; 70–79 years OR = 1.89, P = 4.48 × 10−13; 80–89 years OR = 2.71, P = 1.28 × 10−7), but decreased again in the nonagenarians (OR = 2.21, P = 0.005). Compared to the group <70 years, reduced minor allele frequencies (MAFs) for AMD patients were observed in the nonagenarians (CFH 0.54 vs. 0.43, P = 0.009; ARMS2 0.44 vs. 0.29, P = 2.97 × 10−5), while the MAFs in controls were not significantly different. The genetic risk score revealed the lowest discriminative power in the nonagenarians with an area-under-curve (AUC) of 0.658 for receiver-operating characteristics (AUC 80–89 years = 0.768, 70–79 years = 0.704, <70 years = 0.682), while no significant difference was seen for the environmental risk score (AUC < 70 years = 0.579, 70–79 years = 0.567, 80–89 years = 0.600, >90 years = 0.608).

Conclusions.: Risk alleles in CFH and ARMS2 have a significantly smaller effect on AMD development in nonagenarians, while environmental factors retain a similar effect.

Introduction
Age-related macular degeneration is one of the most common age-related diseases and the leading cause of severe vision impairment in developed countries. Vision loss occurs mostly in advanced stages. either due to geographic atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium or due to neovascular AMD with the formation of choroidal neovascularization (CNV). Although the etiology of AMD is known to be multifactorial, involving a complex interaction between genetic predisposition and environmental factors, such as age, cigarette smoking, body mass index (BMI), diabetes, and hypertension, 18 the genetic variants associated with AMD account for approximately 70% of the risk for the condition. 9,10 Hence, substantial effort has been made in understanding the genetics of AMD by identifying several AMD susceptibility loci over the past years. The two major loci were identified at chromosomes 1q31 and 10q26. These two loci explain approximately half of the heritability of AMD. 11 They involve variants in the complement factor H (CFH) gene, the main regulator of the alternative complement pathway, 12 and polymorphisms on chromosome 10q26 encompassing the age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2 (ARMS2) gene, 13 and the adjacent high-temperature requirement factor A1 (HTRA1) gene, 14 which may alter the integrity of Bruch's membrane. 15 Age is of high importance in the pathogenesis of AMD, with a prevalence of AMD in nonagenarians of almost 60%. 16 Although genetic studies adjusted for age as a confounder, most studies had only low numbers of very old participants aged over 90 years. 
In this study, the impact of genetic associations and environmental influences in nonagenarian AMD patients in comparison with other age groups was investigated. For this purpose, four different age groups (<70, 70–79, and 80–89 years, and nonagenarians) were analyzed for risk variants in CFH and ARMS2, and known environmental risk factors, such as hypertension, BMI, cigarette smoking, and diabetes mellitus. 
Patients and Methods
Study Population
The current study was part of the European Genetic Database (EUGENDA, available in the public domain at www.eugenda.org), and included 166 nonagenarian persons (147 from Cologne area, 19 from Nijmegen area) and 2571 persons aged between 50 and 89 years (984 persons < 70 years, 1099 persons aged 70–79 years, 488 persons aged 80–89 years; 1218 from Cologne, 1353 from Nijmegen). EUGENDA is a German-Dutch database for AMD patients and healthy control individuals, and comprises more than 4000 phenotyped cases. For the recruitment of nonagenarians, 1500 persons of 5314 aged 90 years and older from the registry of the city of Cologne were chosen by random and contacted once by mail. No information except their age was available for contacted persons and for the persons not participating in this study. 16  
All participants gave written consent before inclusion in the study. From all participants peripheral blood samples were collected, and detailed information about medical history, and dietary and life-style habits, such as smoking, were documented through a questionnaire. Retinal imaging was performed using color fundus photography (FP) of Field 2 (Cologne: Canon UVI fundus camera; Canon, Tokyo, Japan, and Nijmegen: Topcon TRC 50IX fundus camera; Topcon, Tokyo, Japan). Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT; Spectralis HRA system; Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany) and fluorescein angiography (FA) images were evaluated additionally if available. 
Collection of data was performed in accordance with the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki and the Medical Research Involving Human Subjects Act (WMO) and approved by the local ethics committees of the participating centers at Cologne and Nijmegen. 
AMD Staging
Age-related macular degeneration staging was performed by grading of retinal images according to the standard protocol of the Cologne Image Reading Center (CIRCL) by certified graders. Age-related macular degeneration was classified by the presence of pigmentary changes together with at least 10 small drusen (<63 μm) or presence of intermediate (63–124 μm, early AMD) or the presence of large drusen (≥125 μm diameter) or ≥15 intermediate drusen or geographic atrophy secondary to AMD outside the foveal central subfield (FCS, intermediate AMD) in the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) grid on FP. The subgroup of late AMD was defined as either AMD with geographic atrophy inside the FCS and/or CNV in at least one eye. Geographic atrophy was defined as sharply demarcated round or oval areas of depigmentation of the RPE of ≥175 μm diameter with increased visibility of choroidal vessels on FP without signs of CNV. Late AMD with CNV was defined as CNV lesion within the ETDRS grid secondary to AMD either on FP, FA, or SD-OCT, when there was evidence for fluid, blood, or fibrovascular tissue on FP, active classic or occult CNV, or signs for previous CNV, such as staining scar on FA and/or subretinal hyperreflective material, or fibrovascular pigment epithelial detachment (PED) on SD-OCT secondary to AMD. 
Control subjects had to have no drusen, or only small drusen or pigmentary changes without or with less than 10 small drusen. 
Genotyping
Genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CFH (Y402H; rs1061170) and ARMS2 (A69S; rs10490924) gene was performed with a pre-designed TaqMan SNP genotyping assay for ARMS2 (Assay ID C_29934973_20, Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) and a custom TaqMan SNP genotyping assay for CFH (Applied Biosystems). The assays were analyzed on the ABI 7900HT system (Applied Biosystems) according to the protocols provided by the manufacturer. 
Statistical Analysis
All calculations were carried out using SPSS software version 21.0 (IBM Software and Systems, Armonk, NY). Genetic associations of CFH and ARMS2 with AMD risk were assessed by logistic regression analysis. Genotypes were coded as the number of AMD risk alleles (0, 1, and 2). For the logistic regression analyses of environmental factors, we included smoking (ever/never smoker), hypertension, diabetes, BMI (normal/overweight/obese), and sex. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for genetic risk alleles and environmental risk factors in unadjusted and adjusted models. Based on the stepwise logistic regression for genetic and environmental factors, risk scores were calculated with three logistic regression equations:  where p1 = risk for AMD under genetic influence;  where p2 = risk for AMD under environmental influence; and  where p3 = risk for AMD under genetic and environmental influence.  
An estimate for the probability of AMD for each risk score was calculated with the equation P = exp(logit[P])/(1 + exp[logit{P}]) and used to determine the receiver-operating-characteristics (ROC) curve. 
Results
Demographics
This study included 2737 persons. The nonagenarian group included 166 persons with at least 90 years of age (92.76 ± 2.46 years; range, 90–100 years). Characteristics of all age groups are summarized in Table 1
Table 1
 
Demographics
Table 1
 
Demographics
<70 y 70–79 y 80–89 y Nonagenarians
No AMD AMD No AMD AMD No AMD AMD No AMD AMD
n 669 315 496 603 87 401 52 114
Sex (n/%)
 Female 398/40.5% 189/60.0% 274/55.2% 357/59.2% 46/52.9% 257/64.1% 35/67.3% 76/66.7%
 Male 271/59.5% 126/40.0% 222/44.8% 246/40.8% 41/47.1% 144/35.9% 17/32.7% 38/33.3%
Mean age ± SD 64.68 ± 4.13 65.06 ± 3.77 73.48 ± 2.76 74.72 ± 2.87 82.58 ± 2.42 83.25 ± 2.61 92.96 ± 2.26 92.66 ± 2.55
Site (n/%)
 UK 335/50.1% 135/42.9% 235/47.4% 284/47.1% 38/43.7% 191/47.6% 49/94.2% 98/86.0%
 UMCN 334/49.9% 180/57.1% 261/52.6% 319/52.9% 49/56.3% 210/52.4% 3/5.8% 16/14.0%
Smoking 385/59.3% 177/56.2% 271/54.6% 321/60.9% 41/50.0% 158/50.0% 24/46.2% 43/42.2%
Hypertension 231/35.1% 97/33.1% 211/43.1% 203/35.7% 38/44.7% 104/29.0% 28/54.9% 46/40.4%
Diabetes 45/6.8% 22/7.5% 42/8.6% 67/11.8% 7/8.2% 33/9.2% 4/7.8% 14/12.8%
BMI
 <25 276/44.0% 99/36.8% 158/34.4% 189/36.1% 29/37.2% 130/40.6% 23/53.5% 57/59.4%
 25–29.9 258/41.1% 121/45.0% 235/51.2% 256/48.9% 40/51.3% 150/46.9% 17/39.5% 34/35.4%
 ≥30 93/14.8% 49/18.2% 66/14.4% 78/14.9% 9/11.5% 40/12.5% 3/7.0% 5/5.2%
Associations of ARMS2 and CFH With AMD in Different Age Groups
Associations with AMD were determined for the SNPs rs10490924 in ARMS2 and rs1061170 in CFH for different age groups using logistic regression analysis (Table 2). 
Table 2
 
Associations of ARMS2 and CFH With AMD in Different Age Groups
Table 2
 
Associations of ARMS2 and CFH With AMD in Different Age Groups
AMD vs. No AMD Late AMD vs. No AMD
OR P Value 95% CI OR P Value 95% CI
ARMS2
 <70 y 2.23 1.03 × 10−13 1.83–2.73 3.34 1.00 × 10−13 2.55–4.40
 70–79 y 2.70 1.00 × 10−13 2.22–3.29 3.58 1.00 × 10−13 2.84–4.50
 80–89 y 3.11 6.56 × 10−8 2.06–4.71 3.63 2.75 × 10−9 2.37–5.55
 Nonagenarians 1.52 0.127 0.89–2.62 2.40 0.004 1.31–4.37
CFH
 <70 y 1.96 1.80 × 10−11 1.61–2.38 2.76 6.68 × 10−13 2.10–3.64
 70–79 y 1.89 4.48 × 10−13 1.59–2.24 2.87 1.00 × 10−13 2.33–3.56
 80–89 y 2.71 1.28 × 10−7 1.87–3.93 2.97 2.87 × 10−8 2.02–4.36
 Nonagenarians 2.21 0.005 1.28–3.82 2.34 0.004 1.31–4.17
The weakest association for ARMS2 was observed in the group of nonagenarians. Similarly, the association of CFH with AMD (and late AMD) increased continuously from the youngest group to the group of “80–89 years” and dropped down for persons aged more than 90 years. 
An additional analysis adjusting for sex, site, smoking, hypertension, BMI, and diabetes yielded similar results (Table 3). 
Table 3
 
Associations of ARMS2 and CFH With AMD in Different Age Groups in an Adjusted Model
Table 3
 
Associations of ARMS2 and CFH With AMD in Different Age Groups in an Adjusted Model
AMD vs. No AMD Adjusted* Late vs. No AMD Adjusted*
OR P Value 95% CI OR P Value 95% CI
ARMS2
 <70 y 2.14 7.39 × 10−12 1.720–2.655 3.77 1.01 × 10−13 2.738–5.195
 70–79 y 2.73 1.00 × 10−13 2.197–3.393 3.67 1.00 × 10−14 2.835–4.759
 80–89 y 2.85 2.67 × 10−6 1.839–4.403 3.36 2.12 × 10−7 2.125–5.310
 Nonagenarians 1.39 0.293 0.754–2.541 2.35 0.018 1.160–4.749
CFH
 <70 y 1.83 1.95 × 10−8 1.481–2.257 2.63 6.99 × 10−10 1.932–3.567
 70–79 y 1.90 9.74 × 10−12 1.578–2.281 3.22 1.00 × 10−13 2.529–4.094
 80–89 y 2.92 5.17 × 10−7 1.920–4.430 3.51 5.28 × 10−8 2.233–5.517
 Nonagenarians 2.34 0.008 1.250–4.368 2.38 0.013 1.197–4.742
Different Discriminative Ability of Computed Risk Scores for Different Age Groups
Based on genetic risk alleles and environmental factors, three multiple logistic regression models were generated. In the first model risk alleles of the two SNPs in CFH and ARMS2 were used as predictive variables to compute genetic risk scores for each individual (model 1). An environmental risk score was calculated in a similar fashion (model 2). A general risk score was generated from all genetic and environmental factors (model 3, Table 4). 
Table 4
 
Discrimination Accuracy of Genetic and Environmental Risk Scores
Table 4
 
Discrimination Accuracy of Genetic and Environmental Risk Scores
AUC for Discrimination AMD vs. No AMD AUC for Discrimination Late AMD vs. No AMD
Genetic RS* Environmental RS General RS Genetik RS Environmental RS General RS
<70 y 0.682 0.579 0.689 0.768 0.608 0.801
70–79 y 0.704 0.567 0.714 0.784 0.603 0.809
80–89 y 0.768 0.600 0.787 0.797 0.618 0.825
Nonagenarians 0.659 0.608 0.682 0.717 0.666 0.742
The highest classification efficiency in model 1 was observed in the group “80–89 years” (area-under-curve [AUC] = 0.768 for AMD versus No AMD, AUC = 0.797 for late AMD versus No AMD) and diminished in the nonagenarian group (AUC = 0.659 for AMD versus No AMD, AUC = 0.717 for late AMD versus No AMD). Analysis of only environmental risk score (model 2) showed poor classification efficiency for all age groups and the combined model 3 revealed similar results to model 1 with only marginally better classification. 
Differences of Genetic Associations Within Different Age Groups
The Figure presents the minor allele frequencies (MAFs) in different age groups. 
Figure
 
Minor allele frequencies of CFH and ARMS2 in different age groups and different AMD stages. Minor allele frequencies are compared using χ2 test. P values of the χ2 test comparing “<70 years” with “nonagenarians” are presented as P 1 for no AMD cases, P 2 for AMD cases, and P 3 for late AMD cases.
Figure
 
Minor allele frequencies of CFH and ARMS2 in different age groups and different AMD stages. Minor allele frequencies are compared using χ2 test. P values of the χ2 test comparing “<70 years” with “nonagenarians” are presented as P 1 for no AMD cases, P 2 for AMD cases, and P 3 for late AMD cases.
For both SNPs, there was a decrease of MAFs with increasing age in controls and AMD subgroups (AMD and late AMD), especially visible in the comparison of “80–89 years” with nonagenarians. The only exceptions for this pattern were the MAFs of ARMS2 in controls: the MAFs were highest in the youngest group (0.25), decreasing to 0.19 in the group of “80–89” years and in the nonagenarian group (0.20) 
The OR for the nonagenarian group (nonagenarian versus nonnonagenarian) was estimated 0.74 for CFH (P = 0.085; 95% CI, 0.53–1.04) and 0.61 for ARMS2 (P = 0.007; 95% CI, 0.43–0.87) using a logistic regression model adjusting for AMD status, sex, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and BMI. 
Discussion
In this study we analyzed the age-dependent association of genetic and environmental risk factors for AMD, and compared very old persons aged 90–100 years with different age groups. While the associations for the two major genetic risk factors ARMS2 (rs10490924) and CFH (rs1061170) were strong in persons aged less than 90 years with continuously rising OR pattern from the youngest group to the group of “80–89 years,” this association was much weaker for the nonagenarian group. We also found significantly reduced risk allele frequencies in nonagenarians compared to the youngest group for the AMD phenotype, although the risk allele frequencies in controls remained relatively stable without significant difference. These findings were supported by risk score calculations using logistic regression analysis, demonstrating that CFH and ARMS2 risks alleles have a weaker role in AMD at very advanced age. In addition, no difference in environmental factors was observed between nonagenarians and younger AMD patients. This suggested that other genetic and environmental factors may be involved in the development of AMD in this age group. In addition, one can speculate that risk alleles in CFH and ARMS2 are associated with increased mortality. 
A similar age-dependent association of CFH was described previously by Adams et al. 17 where the prevalence of AMD in persons homozygous for the CFH risk variant was decreased in older persons (age range from 48–86 years). Grassmann et al. 18 also reported relatively lower associations of 13 AMD risk variants with AMD in an elderly group (>75 years) in comparison with a younger group (<75 years). The phenomenon of genetic differences between younger and older populations is widely described in longevity studies and explained as a result of differential survival, with an enrichment of “longevity genes” in the elderly. 1921 Lower effect sizes (ORs) of genetic risk alleles in ARMS2 and CFH on the development of AMD, and lower risk allele frequencies in nonagenarian AMD patients may be caused by increased mortality of AMD patients carrying these alleles. Differential survival by AMD has been investigated in other studies. Some found an increased mortality risk in persons with AMD, 7,22,23 while others did not find this association. 2426 The AREDS Report No. 13 showed an association of AMD with increased mortality even after adjustment for potentially important covariates. 7 In contrast, in the Rotterdam Study, shorter survival of AMD patients was explained by systemic risk factors also affecting mortality: There was no significant association of AMD with mortality after adjustment for various systemic factors. 24 The CFH risk variant could be associated with an increased mortality 27 by its reduced capacity to downregulate complement activation and control inflammation. 28 In a longitudinal study of nonagenarians, increased mortality was observed among the carriers of the CFH rs1061170 allele independent of comorbidities. 27  
The results presented here are based on a case-control study, and, thus, do not allow the analysis of longitudinal or epidemiologic parameters. Our study included a large nonagenarian group, who primarily came from a small area in Germany, which may increase the chance of a selection bias, especially as a bias toward more healthy and mobile nonagenarians is possible. Furthermore, our analysis was limited to two genetic polymorphisms and few environmental factors. An extended analysis including other genetic and environmental factors may identify effects that explain AMD in the nonagenarian population. It must be noted that environmental factors may change over time as well. Therefore, the nonagenarian group cannot be matched easily with younger populations. For example, it is unknown what time span in life influences AMD development. The allele frequencies and effect sizes of ARMS2 and CFH SNPs in the younger group were comparable to those in other studies. 18,23,29  
In summary, in our study genetic risk alleles in CFH and ARMS2 showed significantly smaller effect on AMD development in nonagenarians, while environmental factors retained a similar effect in advanced age. Larger epidemiologic studies with more statistical power are needed to investigate the role of CFH and ARMS2 in nonagenarians and to validate our results. The verification of the enrichment of nonrisk allele frequencies of CFH and ARMS2 in a long-lived population may indicate a genetic influence of CFH and ARMS2 on mortality. 
Acknowledgments
Disclosure: L. Ersoy, None; T. Ristau, None; M. Hahn, None; M. Karlstetter, None; T. Langmann, None; K. Dröge, None; A. Caramoy, None; A.I. den Hollander, None; S. Fauser, None 
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Figure
 
Minor allele frequencies of CFH and ARMS2 in different age groups and different AMD stages. Minor allele frequencies are compared using χ2 test. P values of the χ2 test comparing “<70 years” with “nonagenarians” are presented as P 1 for no AMD cases, P 2 for AMD cases, and P 3 for late AMD cases.
Figure
 
Minor allele frequencies of CFH and ARMS2 in different age groups and different AMD stages. Minor allele frequencies are compared using χ2 test. P values of the χ2 test comparing “<70 years” with “nonagenarians” are presented as P 1 for no AMD cases, P 2 for AMD cases, and P 3 for late AMD cases.
Table 1
 
Demographics
Table 1
 
Demographics
<70 y 70–79 y 80–89 y Nonagenarians
No AMD AMD No AMD AMD No AMD AMD No AMD AMD
n 669 315 496 603 87 401 52 114
Sex (n/%)
 Female 398/40.5% 189/60.0% 274/55.2% 357/59.2% 46/52.9% 257/64.1% 35/67.3% 76/66.7%
 Male 271/59.5% 126/40.0% 222/44.8% 246/40.8% 41/47.1% 144/35.9% 17/32.7% 38/33.3%
Mean age ± SD 64.68 ± 4.13 65.06 ± 3.77 73.48 ± 2.76 74.72 ± 2.87 82.58 ± 2.42 83.25 ± 2.61 92.96 ± 2.26 92.66 ± 2.55
Site (n/%)
 UK 335/50.1% 135/42.9% 235/47.4% 284/47.1% 38/43.7% 191/47.6% 49/94.2% 98/86.0%
 UMCN 334/49.9% 180/57.1% 261/52.6% 319/52.9% 49/56.3% 210/52.4% 3/5.8% 16/14.0%
Smoking 385/59.3% 177/56.2% 271/54.6% 321/60.9% 41/50.0% 158/50.0% 24/46.2% 43/42.2%
Hypertension 231/35.1% 97/33.1% 211/43.1% 203/35.7% 38/44.7% 104/29.0% 28/54.9% 46/40.4%
Diabetes 45/6.8% 22/7.5% 42/8.6% 67/11.8% 7/8.2% 33/9.2% 4/7.8% 14/12.8%
BMI
 <25 276/44.0% 99/36.8% 158/34.4% 189/36.1% 29/37.2% 130/40.6% 23/53.5% 57/59.4%
 25–29.9 258/41.1% 121/45.0% 235/51.2% 256/48.9% 40/51.3% 150/46.9% 17/39.5% 34/35.4%
 ≥30 93/14.8% 49/18.2% 66/14.4% 78/14.9% 9/11.5% 40/12.5% 3/7.0% 5/5.2%
Table 2
 
Associations of ARMS2 and CFH With AMD in Different Age Groups
Table 2
 
Associations of ARMS2 and CFH With AMD in Different Age Groups
AMD vs. No AMD Late AMD vs. No AMD
OR P Value 95% CI OR P Value 95% CI
ARMS2
 <70 y 2.23 1.03 × 10−13 1.83–2.73 3.34 1.00 × 10−13 2.55–4.40
 70–79 y 2.70 1.00 × 10−13 2.22–3.29 3.58 1.00 × 10−13 2.84–4.50
 80–89 y 3.11 6.56 × 10−8 2.06–4.71 3.63 2.75 × 10−9 2.37–5.55
 Nonagenarians 1.52 0.127 0.89–2.62 2.40 0.004 1.31–4.37
CFH
 <70 y 1.96 1.80 × 10−11 1.61–2.38 2.76 6.68 × 10−13 2.10–3.64
 70–79 y 1.89 4.48 × 10−13 1.59–2.24 2.87 1.00 × 10−13 2.33–3.56
 80–89 y 2.71 1.28 × 10−7 1.87–3.93 2.97 2.87 × 10−8 2.02–4.36
 Nonagenarians 2.21 0.005 1.28–3.82 2.34 0.004 1.31–4.17
Table 3
 
Associations of ARMS2 and CFH With AMD in Different Age Groups in an Adjusted Model
Table 3
 
Associations of ARMS2 and CFH With AMD in Different Age Groups in an Adjusted Model
AMD vs. No AMD Adjusted* Late vs. No AMD Adjusted*
OR P Value 95% CI OR P Value 95% CI
ARMS2
 <70 y 2.14 7.39 × 10−12 1.720–2.655 3.77 1.01 × 10−13 2.738–5.195
 70–79 y 2.73 1.00 × 10−13 2.197–3.393 3.67 1.00 × 10−14 2.835–4.759
 80–89 y 2.85 2.67 × 10−6 1.839–4.403 3.36 2.12 × 10−7 2.125–5.310
 Nonagenarians 1.39 0.293 0.754–2.541 2.35 0.018 1.160–4.749
CFH
 <70 y 1.83 1.95 × 10−8 1.481–2.257 2.63 6.99 × 10−10 1.932–3.567
 70–79 y 1.90 9.74 × 10−12 1.578–2.281 3.22 1.00 × 10−13 2.529–4.094
 80–89 y 2.92 5.17 × 10−7 1.920–4.430 3.51 5.28 × 10−8 2.233–5.517
 Nonagenarians 2.34 0.008 1.250–4.368 2.38 0.013 1.197–4.742
Table 4
 
Discrimination Accuracy of Genetic and Environmental Risk Scores
Table 4
 
Discrimination Accuracy of Genetic and Environmental Risk Scores
AUC for Discrimination AMD vs. No AMD AUC for Discrimination Late AMD vs. No AMD
Genetic RS* Environmental RS General RS Genetik RS Environmental RS General RS
<70 y 0.682 0.579 0.689 0.768 0.608 0.801
70–79 y 0.704 0.567 0.714 0.784 0.603 0.809
80–89 y 0.768 0.600 0.787 0.797 0.618 0.825
Nonagenarians 0.659 0.608 0.682 0.717 0.666 0.742
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