Liew et al. 61 (2013, Australia) | Cohort | 1992–2010 | Blue Mountains Eye Study, population based (N = 2,389) | 64.1 | 15 | Questionnaire confirmed by medicine lists and/or bottles Regular: ≥once/wk Occasional: <once/wk Nonregular: none and occasional Dosage: 150 mg/d, assumed from common Australian prescription | Early Geographic atrophy Neovascular | Stereoscopic retinal photograph International AMD Classification | Age, sex, smoking, cardiovascular disease, systolic blood pressure, BMI | 16 |
Klein et al. 37 (2012, US) | Cohort | 1988–2010 | Beaver Dam Eye Study, population based (N = 4,926) | 43–86 | 14.8 | Self-report confirmed by medicine at every visit Ever: ≥twice/wk for more than 3 mo Never | Early Late Neovascular Geographic atrophy | Photographs of the retina Wisconsin ARM Grading System | Age, sex | 19 |
Rudnicka et al. 62 (2010, UK) | Case-control | 1996–2002 | Clinic based (N = 158) | ≥45 | 3 | Questionnaire confirmed by medicine Ever: any dosage Never | Late | Fundus photography; International ARM Epidemiological Study Group criteria | Age, sex, smoking, blood pressure, BMI, total cholesterol | 17 |
Christen et al. 59 (2009, US) | RCT | 1994–2004 | Women's Health Study, volunteer health professionals, female only (N = 39,876) | ≥45 | 10 | Low-dose aspirin, 100 mg every other day Placebo | Visually significant Advanced: neovascular and geographic atrophy with or without vision loss | Self-report confirmed by medical records review BCVA ≤ 20/30 | Age, vitamin E, beta-carotene treatment | 24 |
Douglas et al. 63 (2007, UK) | Case-control | 1987–2002 | General Practice Research Database, population based (N = 104,176) | ≥50 | 4 | Medical records Ever Never | Any status | Medical records confirmed by letters or reports | Consultation rate | 15 |
Clemons et al. 18 (2005, US) | Cohort | 1992–2004 | Age-Related Eye Disease Study, clinic based (N = 4,757) | 55–80 | 6.3 | Questionnaires Ever: ≥5 y Never | Neovascular Geographic atrophy | Stereoscopic color fundus photographs confirmed by annual visiting | Age, sex, treatment assignment | 17 |
DeAngelis et al. 64 (2004, US) | Case-control | 1998–2003 | Clinic based (N = 136) | ≥50 | none | Questionnaires Ever Never | Neovascular | Fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, home examination | None | 15 |
Christen et al. 60 (2001, US) | RCT | 1982–1988 | Physicians' Health Study I, volunteer health physicians, male only (N = 21,216) | 40–84 | 7 | Aspirin 325 mg every other day Placebo | Without vision loss With or without vision loss | Self-report confirmed by medical records BCVA ≤ 20/30 | Age, beta-carotene treatment assignment | 23 |
Blumenkranz et al. 26 (1986, US) | Case-control | 1986 | Clinic based (N = 49) | 75.7 | none | Questionnaires Ever or current Never | Neovascular | Color fundus photograph | None | 15 |