Abstract
purpose. The goal of the present study was to determine the efficacy of topical
0.5% cidofovir twice daily for 7 days on the replication of multiple
adenovirus (Ad) serotypes of subgroup C (Ad1, Ad5, Ad6) in the New
Zealand rabbit ocular model.
methods. In duplicate experiments for each serotype, a total of 20 rabbits (Ad5)
or 16 rabbits each (Ad1 and Ad6) were inoculated topically in both
eyes, with 1.5 × 106 pfu/eye of the appropriate virus.
Twenty-four hours later, the rabbits in each serotype group were
randomly divided into two topical treatment groups: I, 0.5% cidofovir;
II, control vehicle. Treatment was twice daily for 7 days. All eyes
were cultured for virus on days 0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 14.
results. Compared to the control, treatment with 0.5% cidofovir reduced the
following: mean Ad titer (days 1 to 7) for Ad1 (6.3 ± 20 ×
101 versus 2.5 ± 3.9 × 102 pfu/ml; P < 0.0003), Ad5 (3.4 ± 5.8 ×
102 versus 1.6 ± 2.0 × 103 pfu/ml; P < 0.000001), and Ad6 (1.2 ± 5.1 ×
102 versus 5.5 ± 14 × 102 pfu/ml; P = 0.015); reduced Ad-positive eyes/total for Ad1[
45/128 (35%) versus 84/128 (66%); P =
0.000002], Ad5 [84/160 (53%) versus 131/152 (86%); P < 0.000001], and Ad6 [36/128 (28%) versus
82/128 (64%); P < 0.000001]: and reduced the
duration of Ad shedding for Ad1 (4.9 ± 1.9 versus 9.3 ± 3.3
days; P < 0.00007), Ad5 (6.4 ± 2.8 versus 11.5 ±
2.3 days; P < 0.0001), and Ad6 (4.4 ± 2.1
versus 8.4 ± 2.5 days; P < 0.00004).
conclusions. Topical 0.5% cidofovir twice daily for 7 days demonstrated significant
antiviral activity against multiple adenoviral serotypes (Ad1, Ad5, and
Ad6) in the New Zealand rabbit ocular model. These in vivo data expand
in vitro studies indicating the efficacy of cidofovir against different
adenovirus serotypes and support its use in clinical
trials.
Adenoviral (Ad) ocular infections remain the most common external
ocular viral infection worldwide.
1 Epidemic
keratoconjunctivitis, pharyngeal conjunctival fever, and follicular
conjunctivitis are three examples of highly contagious adenoviral
ocular infections that are associated with community and medical
facility epidemics. Although not permanently blinding, ocular
adenoviral infections are associated with significant patient
morbidity, including symptomatic distress, with visual disturbances
that can last months to years. Of the 47 serotypes of human adenovirus,
about one half of these are known to cause ocular disease in
patients.
1
The studies of the pathogenesis and treatment of ocular adenoviral
infections have been limited by the narrow host range exhibited by
human adenoviruses. It has been previously determined that one serotype
of human adenovirus, adenovirus type 5 (Ad5), has the ability to extend
its host range to permit replication in the eyes of New Zealand
rabbits.
2 3 Our Ad5 McEwen/New Zealand rabbit ocular model
has been used to establish possible clinical guidelines for the use of
corticosteroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in
the treatment of acute adenoviral ocular infections.
4 5
Cidofovir is a highly promising broad spectrum antiviral with
significant inhibitory activity against a number of DNA viruses [human
cytomegalovirus (HCMV), herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-)1, HSV-2,
varicella zoster virus (VZV), and adenoviruses ].
6 It has
been previously demonstrated in prevention and treatment studies that
topical administration of cidofovir, using various concentrations and
treatment regimens, significantly reduced ocular viral titers and the
duration of viral shedding in the Ad5/New Zealand rabbit ocular
model.
7 8 9
To further evaluate the efficacy of cidofovir as a topical treatment
for adenoviral ocular infections, the antiviral efficacy against a
variety of adenoviral ocular serotypes in vitro and in vivo should be
determined along with the optimum concentration and dosing regimen.
Previous in vitro studies have demonstrated that cidofovir was an
effective antiviral agent against a variety of ocular adenoviral
serotypes.
6 9 10 11 However, no data have been published to
date demonstrating the efficacy of cidofovir against multiple Ad
serotypes in vivo.
In previously published reports, our group demonstrated that the
members of human adenovirus subgroup C (Ad1, Ad2, Ad5, and Ad6) were
able to replicate in rabbit corneal organ culture.
12 Recently, we demonstrated that Ad1, Ad2, and Ad6, along with Ad5, also
have the ability to replicate and cause productive infections in the
eyes of New Zealand rabbits.
13
The goal of the present study was to determine the antiviral efficacy
of topical 0.5% cidofovir administered twice daily for 7 days, on
multiple Ad serotypes of subgroup C (Ad1, Ad5, and Ad6) in the New
Zealand rabbit ocular model of adenoviral infection.
The reference adenovirus serotype (Ad6 ATCC) used in this study
was purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC,
Rockville, MD). The clinical adenoviral isolates were cultured from
patients presenting with typical adenoviral ocular disease at the Eye
and Ear Institute of Pittsburgh. The isolates were serotyped by serum
neutralization and found to be types 1 and 5. The isolates, designated
Ad1 Kmetz and Ad5 McEwen along with the Ad6 ATCC reference strain, were
grown in A549 monolayers at 37°C, in a 5%
CO2–water vapor atmosphere, harvested,
aliquoted, and frozen as a virus stock at −70°C. Before use, the
stock viruses were titered using a standard plaque assay.
A549 cells, an epithelial-like cell derived from human lung carcinoma,
were grown and maintained in Eagle’s minimum essential medium with
Earle’s salts (Sigma Cell Culture Reagents, St. Louis, MO),
supplemented with 6% fetal bovine serum (Harlan Bioproducts for
Science, Indianapolis, IN), 2.5 μg/ml amphotericin B, 100 units/ml
penicillin G, and 0.1 mg/ml streptomycin (Sigma).