Abstract
purpose. To determine how the duration of early strabismus influences the severity of loss of disparity sensitivity in V1 neurons and the effects of extensive poststrabismus visual experience on the maintenance of functional binocular connections.
methods. Concomitant strabismus was optically simulated in 10 rhesus monkeys using a prism-rearing procedure. The onset of strabismus was kept constant at 4 weeks of age and the duration was maintained for 2, 4, or 8 weeks. In one group of monkeys (infants), the neurophysiological experiments were conducted immediately after the period of rearing with prisms. In another group (adults), after the termination of the prism-rearing regimen at either 8 or 12 weeks of age, the monkeys were kept in a normal housing environment until maturity and behavioral testing was conducted before the recording experiments to determine the animal’s monocular and binocular visual capacities. To assess the effects of the period of early strabismus on binocular interactions in V1, extracellular single-unit recording methods were used in anesthetized and paralyzed monkeys, and dichoptic sine-wave gratings were used as stimuli.
results. In all strabismic monkeys, the sensitivity of V1 units to interocular spatial phase disparity (disparity sensitivity) was significantly reduced, and the prevalence of binocular suppression was higher than that found in age-matched control animals. Although 8 weeks of strabismus resulted in a slightly larger loss of disparity sensitivity, the overall effects of the duration of strabismus were surprisingly small in infant strabismic monkeys. After poststrabismus visual experience, a small but significantly higher degree of disparity sensitivity was noted in V1 if prism-rearing was terminated after 4 weeks of strabismus (i.e., at 8 weeks of age), but not after 8 weeks of strabismus (i.e., at 12 weeks of age).
conclusions. A brief period (2 weeks) of misalignment after the emergence of stereopsis is sufficient to drastically reduce the functional binocular connections in V1, and longer periods of strabismus result in little additional loss in disparity sensitivity. Clinically, these results suggest that taking corrective measures for infantile esotropes before the known onset age for stereopsis may be important for maintaining better binocular sensory function and better interocular alignment at later stages of development.
In normal infant monkeys, both the binocular and monocular response properties of neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) are immature near birth, but rapidly improve during the first four postnatal weeks.
1 2 These neurons exhibit near adult-like properties by 4 weeks of age (equivalent to 4 months of age in humans) and this rapid cortical maturation just precedes the age at which stereopsis emerges.
3 However, the normal development of binocular functions can be readily disrupted by early abnormal visual experience (e.g., strabismus) due to a relatively high level of plasticity in the visual brain.
4 5 6
The onset age and the duration of early strabismus are known to affect the severity of binocular response anomalies in the primary visual cortex.
6 7 8 We have reported that a brief period (2 weeks) of optical strabismus causes more severe disruptions in V1 development if it occurs after, rather than before, the known onset age (approximately 4 weeks) of stereopsis in monkeys.
6 In the current study, we asked whether the duration of optical strabismus influences the development of the binocular response properties of V1 neurons when the onset age is kept constant at an age that corresponds to the normal emergence of stereopsis and whether visual experience after the termination of prism-rearing procedures has any effect on the maintenance of disparity sensitivity in monkey V1.