Porcine eyes were obtained from Carlton Packing Company (Carlton, OR) 2 to 5 hours postmortem. Human TNFα and human and porcine IL-1α and IL-1β were from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN). Phosphospecific MKK4 (S257/T261), MKK7 (S271/T275), JNK (T183/Y185), c-Jun (S73 or S63), and ATF-2 (T71 or T71/T69) antibodies, MKK4, MKK7, and JNK1/2 protein antibodies, and conjugated horseradish peroxidase secondary antibodies were from Cell Signaling Technologies (Beverly, MA). Phosphospecific ATF-2 (T71) antibody was also obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA). MMP-3 and MMP-9 antibodies were from TriplePoint Biologics (Forest Grove, OR), and c-Jun antibody was from Biosource (Camarillo, CA). High- and low-glucose Dulbecco modified Eagle medium (DMEM), antibiotics, and antimycotic were from Invitrogen-Gibco (Grand Island, NY); fetal bovine serum (FBS) was from Hyclone (Logan, UT); chemiluminescence detection kits were from Pierce (SuperSignal; Rockford, IL); secondary antibodies (Alexa Fluor 680-conjugated) and assay kits (Picogreen DNA) were from Molecular Probes (Eugene, OR); secondary antibodies were from Rockland (IRDye 800-conjugated; Gilbertsville, PA); and JNK inhibitor 2 was from CalBiochem (SP600125; San Diego, CA). Statistical significance when comparing groups subjected to different treatments used the Student’s t test or the Mann-Whitney U test.