Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify independent predictors of inadequate refractive correction in subjects with correctable refractive error, adjusting for confounding variables (
Table 3). In subjects aged 12 to 19 years old, male sex (odds ratio [OR], 1.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0–2.2,
P = 0.04), Mexican American race (OR, 2.8; 95% CI, 2.0–4.0;
P < 0.0001), and non-Hispanic black race (OR, 3.3; 95% CI, 2.1–5.1;
P < 0.0001) were associated with significantly increased odds of having inadequate refractive correction. In subjects aged 20 to 39 years old, male sex (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.0–2.6;
P = 0.04), Mexican American race (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1–3.1;
P = 0.02), non-Hispanic black race (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.5–3.3;
P < 0.0001), annual household income of <$20,000 (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.0–2.9;
P = 0.04), <ninth grade education (OR, 9.5; 95% CI, 3.5–26.0;
P < 0.0001), ninth to 11th grade education (OR, 3.3; 95% CI, 1.7–6.2;
P = 0.001), and high school graduate equivalent education (OR, 1.7, 95% CI, 1.1–2.7;
P = 0.001) were associated with significantly increased odds of having inadequate refractive correction. In subjects aged 40+ years, Mexican American race (OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.3–2.8;
P = 0.003), non-Hispanic black race (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.4–2.9;
P < 0.0001), other or multiracial ethnicity (OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.1–4.8;
P = 0.03), annual household income of <$20,000 (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1–2.6;
P = 0.02), <ninth grade education (OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.5–4.3;
P = 0.001), lack of health insurance coverage (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.2–3.4;
P = 0.008), astigmatism (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1–2.2;
P = 0.02), and self-reported AMD (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.0–3.3;
P = 0.04) were associated with significantly increased odds of having inadequate refractive correction. Greater myopia severity was associated with significantly decreased odds of inadequate refractive correction in all age groups.