March 2012
Volume 53, Issue 14
Free
ARVO Annual Meeting Abstract  |   March 2012
Variational Bayesian independent component analysis-mixture model (VIM) to identify patterns of glaucomatous defect in Frequency Doubling Technology (FDT) perimetry data
Author Affiliations & Notes
  • Christopher Bowd
    Hamilton Glaucoma Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
  • Madhusudhanan Balasubramanian
    Hamilton Glaucoma Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
  • Michael H. Goldbaum
    Hamilton Glaucoma Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
  • Intae Lee
    Hamilton Glaucoma Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
  • Felipe A. Medeiros
    Hamilton Glaucoma Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
  • Linda M. Zangwill
    Hamilton Glaucoma Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
  • Christopher A. Girkin
    Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
  • Jeffrey M. Liebmann
    Department of Ophthalmology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
    New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, New York, New York
  • Pamela A. Sample
    Hamilton Glaucoma Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
  • Robert N. Weinreb
    Hamilton Glaucoma Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
  • Footnotes
    Commercial Relationships  Christopher Bowd, None; Madhusudhanan Balasubramanian, None; Michael H. Goldbaum, None; Intae Lee, None; Felipe A. Medeiros, Alcon Laboratories Inc. (F, C, R), Allergan Inc. (C, R), Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc. (F, R), Merck Inc. (F), Pfizer Inc. (F, C, R), Reichart Inc. (R); Linda M. Zangwill, Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc. (F), Heidelberg Engineering GmbH (F), Nidek (F), Optovue Inc. (F), Topcon Medical Systems Inc. (F); Christopher A. Girkin, None; Jeffrey M. Liebmann, Alcon Laboratories Inc. (C), Allergan Inc. (C), Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc. (F), Dyopsis Corp. (F, C), Heidelberg Engineering GmbH (F), Merz Pharmaceuticals Inc. (C), Optovue Inc. (F), Quark Pharmaceuticals Inc. (C), Topcon Medical Systems Inc. (F, C); Pamela A. Sample, None; Robert N. Weinreb, Alcon Laboratories Inc. (C), Allergan Inc. (C), Bausch & Lomb (C), Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc. (F, C), Heidelberg Engineering GmbH (F), Merck (C), Nidek (F), Novartis (F), Optovue Inc. (F, C), Pfizer Inc. (C), Topcon Medical Systems Inc. (F)
  • Footnotes
    Support  NEI grants EY11008, EY21818, EY14267, EY20518, EY19869, EY08208, EY11008, EY13959, Eyesight Foundation of Alabama, Corinne Graber Research Fund of the NY Glaucoma Research Institute, RPB.
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science March 2012, Vol.53, 171. doi:
  • Views
  • Share
  • Tools
    • Alerts
      ×
      This feature is available to authenticated users only.
      Sign In or Create an Account ×
    • Get Citation

      Christopher Bowd, Madhusudhanan Balasubramanian, Michael H. Goldbaum, Intae Lee, Felipe A. Medeiros, Linda M. Zangwill, Christopher A. Girkin, Jeffrey M. Liebmann, Pamela A. Sample, Robert N. Weinreb; Variational Bayesian independent component analysis-mixture model (VIM) to identify patterns of glaucomatous defect in Frequency Doubling Technology (FDT) perimetry data. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2012;53(14):171.

      Download citation file:


      © ARVO (1962-2015); The Authors (2016-present)

      ×
  • Supplements
Abstract

Purpose: : We used VIM, a novel unsupervised machine learning classifier, to automatically separate FDT Matrix data into clusters of healthy and glaucoma eyes and to identify axes representing independent patterns of defect in the glaucoma clusters.

Methods: : Cross-sectional FDT results were obtained from 786 patient eyes with repeatable abnormal FDT results (GHT outside normal limits or PSD ≤ 5%) and 1190 healthy eyes from the UCSD-based Diagnostic Innovations in Glaucoma Study (DIGS) and African Descent and Glaucoma Evaluation Study (ADAGES). For all eyes, VIM input was 52 threshold test points from the 24-2 Matrix test pattern (with blind spot points omitted), plus age. Without knowledge of class identity, VIM separated the fields into clusters and positioned a set of statistically independent axes through the mean of each cluster. Within each cluster, all identified axes were sorted by their information content (i.e., axis length). The VIM model was retrained after discarding axes providing the least information in each cluster.

Results: : The optimal VIM model (of 720 tested) separated the FDT fields into 3 clusters. Cluster N contained primarily normal fields (1109/1190, specificity 93.2%) and clusters G1 and G2, combined, contained primarily glaucomatous fields (651/786, sensitivity 82.8%). For clusters G1 and G2 the optimal number of axes was 2 and 5, respectively, representing the optimal patterns of FDT-defined glaucomatous defects observed in this cohort. Patterns automatically generated along axes within the glaucoma clusters were similar to those known to be indicative of glaucoma (e.g., nasal step to arcuate superior and inferior hemifield defects, global diffuse loss). Fields located farther from the normal mean on a given axis showed increasing disease severity.

Conclusions: : VIM successfully separated FDT fields from healthy and glaucoma eyes and identified glaucomatous patterns of loss without supervision. Change in defect severity along VIM-identified axes may be used to detect glaucomatous progression in FDT data using the Progression of Patterns technique based on VIM patterns, as previously reported for use with standard automated perimetry (Goldbaum et al., ARVO, 2011).

Clinical Trial: : http://www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT00221897

Keywords: perimetry • computational modeling 
×
×

This PDF is available to Subscribers Only

Sign in or purchase a subscription to access this content. ×

You must be signed into an individual account to use this feature.

×