May 2008
Volume 49, Issue 13
Free
ARVO Annual Meeting Abstract  |   May 2008
Symptoms Reported by Children With Convergence Insufficiency
Author Affiliations & Notes
  • G. L. Mitchell
    Optometry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
  • M. T. Kulp
    Optometry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
  • M. W. Rouse
    Optometry, Southern California College of Optometry, Fullerton, California
  • The CITT Study Group
    Optometry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
  • Footnotes
    Commercial Relationships  G.L. Mitchell, None; M.T. Kulp, None; M.W. Rouse, None.
  • Footnotes
    Support  Supported by NEI/NIH, DHHS U10 grants: EY014713, EY014659, EY014716, EY014715, EY014709, EY014710, EY014676, EY014706, EY014712.
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science May 2008, Vol.49, 1124. doi:
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    • Get Citation

      G. L. Mitchell, M. T. Kulp, M. W. Rouse, The CITT Study Group; Symptoms Reported by Children With Convergence Insufficiency. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2008;49(13):1124.

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      © ARVO (1962-2015); The Authors (2016-present)

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Abstract

Purpose: : The 15-item Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey (CISS), used as the primary outcome measure in the Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial, has been shown to be a reliable and valid instrument for measuring symptoms in children with convergence insufficiency (CI). Survey items can be classified as either eye-related or performance-related. This report presents the most commonly reported symptoms by children with symptomatic CI; compares the frequency of eye-related and performance-related symptoms; and examines the effect of age, gender, and parent-reported ADHD on symptoms.

Methods: : The CISS was administered to 221 children 9-17 years (mean 11.8 yrs) with symptomatic CI (near exophoria at least 4Δ greater than at distance, receded near point of convergence ≥ 6cm, and insufficient positive fusional vergence at near) at baseline. All children had 20/25 or better visual acuity with any significant refractive correction worn for at least 2 weeks.

Results: : Approximately one-half of the children reported loss of place (50%) or concentration (45%) and re-reading the same line (45%) "always" or "fairly often" while doing near tasks. In fact, performance-related symptoms were rated significantly higher than eye-related symptoms (mean response of 2.3 vs. 1.8, p<0.001). No significant gender effect was detected (p≥0.19 for all comparisons). CISS score increased with age (p=0.046). Although there was no difference with age in performance-related symptoms (p = 0.36), a mean increase in eye-related symptoms was found with age (p=0.031). There was also a significant difference in CISS scores between children with and without parent-reported ADHD (p=0.005). Children with parent-reported ADHD rated performance-related symptoms with greater frequency (average response of 2.8 vs. 2.2, p<0.001); however, there was no difference in the frequency of eye-related symptoms (p=0.29). A greater mean response to performance- versus eye-related items was found for both children with (p<0.001) and without (p<0.001) parent-reported ADHD.

Conclusions: : Children with symptomatic CI reported performance-related symptoms (e.g. loss of place, loss of concentration, re-reading the same line, reading slowly) significantly more frequently than eye-related symptoms (e.g. blur, headache, diplopia, or asthenopia). With increasing age, performance-related symptoms remain and eye-related symptoms increase. Clinicians should perform a targeted history which addresses both performance- and eye-related symptoms to help identify children with symptomatic CI.

Clinical Trial: : www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT00338611

Keywords: binocular vision/stereopsis • clinical (human) or epidemiologic studies: outcomes/complications 
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