Quantitative real-time PCR was performed on the isolated RNA by using the Quantitect probe RT-PCR kit (QIAGEN, Valencia, CA, USA) on the DNA Engine Opticon Monitor 2 (MJ Research, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA). For EMP2 genomic RNA detection, the long terminal repeat (LTR) forward primer (5′-TCCTCTCCACCATTCTCT-3′), LTR reverse primer (5′-AAACCTCTCTCCCTGCTTCA-3′), and the fluorogenic probe (6-carboxyfluorescein-5′-TTCTTCATCTTCGTGCT-3′-tetramethyl carboxyrhodamine) were used for the RT-PCR. The quantity of EMP2 was calculated by interpolation from a standard curve generated by running in parallel serial dilutions of known quantities of full-length EMP2 cDNA incorporated into the EGFP-N3 vector. The levels of EMP2 mRNA were normalized against the housekeeping gene GAPDH by using the QIAGEN GAPDH Assay on Demand, which included both primers and probe. The GAPDH copy number was also calculated by interpolation from a standard curve generated from serial dilutions of a plasmid containing GAPDH cDNA (clone3869809; Open Biosystems, Huntsville, AL, USA).