Patients were recruited from the outpatient clinic of Senshokai Eye Institute. One eye of control subjects and of patients with diabetes without DR was included in the study. All included subjects were Asian (Japanese). Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were included if after clinical examination the doctor confirmed absence of DR. Exclusion criteria were as follows: any other ocular disease that may affect ocular circulation (e.g., glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, retinal vascular occlusion, refractive error > 6 diopters [D]), intraocular surgery, panretinal photocoagulation, previous intraocular anti-VEGF/steroid treatment, hypertension exceeding 160/100, intraocular pressure (IOP) > 21 mm Hg. If both eyes met the inclusion criteria, we selected the eye with better OCT angiography signal strength for the study.
Subjects were tested for best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), IOP, and refractive error (autorefractometry). Slit-lamp and fundus examinations using direct and/or indirect ophthalmoscope were performed. Blood pressure was measured after 5 minutes of rest from the brachial artery (BP-203RVII; Colin, Aichi, Japan). Ocular fundus photography and wide-field photography (Optos California; Optos pls, Dunfermline, Scotland, UK) were obtained from each participant. The study was masked: two graders (HA, HT) evaluated the fundus photographs for absence of changes related to DR or other disease that may affect retinal blood flow. In case of inconsistent opinions between graders, a third grader (EC) determined the status of the participant. The analyzer of OCTA (GD) was unaware of subjects' status. Macular blood flow parameters were obtained before pupillary dilation in a dark room by using AngioVue OCTA system (RTVue-XR Avanti; Optovue, Fremont, CA, USA) with an SSADA (split-spectrum amplitude decorrelation angiography) software algorithm (v2014.2.0.90). Retinal morphology data were obtained by using the same equipment. Retinal tissue layers' thickness data were expressed as mean values evaluated in a donut-shaped area (1.5-mm radius from the center of fovea for parafovea, excluding central foveal 0.5-mm radius area) (Retina Map; Optovue). The following parameters in parafoveal retina were evaluated: full retinal thickness and volume, inner retinal thickness and volume, outer retinal thickness and volume. Vessel density and flow index were evaluated in the central area with a radius of 1.25 mm from the foveolar center for both retina and choriocapillaris, excluding the central foveal area (0.3 mm radius) (
Figs. 1A–D,
2I,
2J). The following parameters in this region were evaluated: superficial vessel density (%) and flow index, superficial FAZ area (mm
2), deep vessel density (%) and flow index, deep FAZ area (mm
2) and choriocapillary density (%) and flow index. The vessel density is the percentage of signal positive pixels per total pixels in an area of interest. Flow index is the average decorrelation value (correlated with flow velocity) in the selected area. Foveal avascular zone area (mm
2) was evaluated in the superficial and deep vessel plexus by using the nonflow area tool of the software that delineated it automatically after selecting a segment of the FAZ (
Figs. 1E–H). The superficial retinal, deep retinal, and choriocapillary vascular networks were generated by using automated software algorithm. The boundaries for each layers were as follows: a slab extending from 3 to 15 μm from the internal limiting membrane was generated for detecting the superficial vascular layer, a slab extending from 15 to 70 μm below the internal limiting membrane for the deep retinal vascular layer, and a slab extending from 30 to 60 μm below retinal pigment epithelium reference for choriocapillaris vascular network (
Fig. 2).
Image quality was considered by including images having signal strength (SS) of at least 40 We categorized the quality of images considering presence of artifacts such as double vessel pattern and dark areas from blinks or media opacities that obscure vessel signal. Images were categorized in three groups: good (absence of artifacts), fair (cumulative presence of artifacts in less than ⅓ of the image), and poor (cumulative presence of artifacts in more than ⅓ of the image). In patients with initially poor images, we repeated the scans until an image with at least fair quality could be obtained. The image with highest SS and image quality was included in the study. Intraoperator reproducibility was checked in five control participants for whom five consecutive measurements were taken by two technicians who took the OCTA measurements.