June 2017
Volume 58, Issue 8
Open Access
ARVO Annual Meeting Abstract  |   June 2017
Smoothed and Resolved Thresholding (SmaRT-) Display: A New OCTA Display Technique to Resolve the Low Flow Ambiguity
Author Affiliations & Notes
  • Patrick Yiu
    Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
  • Eric M. Moult
    Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
  • Stefan B. Ploner
    Pattern Recognition Lab, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
  • ByungKun Lee
    Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
  • Lennart Husvogt
    Pattern Recognition Lab, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
  • Andreas K Maier
    Pattern Recognition Lab, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
  • Richard Spaide
    Vitreous, Retina, Macula Consultants of New York, New York, New York, United States
  • Jay S Duker
    New England Eye Center at Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
  • Nadia Waheed
    New England Eye Center at Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
  • James G Fujimoto
    Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
  • Footnotes
    Commercial Relationships   Patrick Yiu, None; Eric Moult, None; Stefan Ploner, None; ByungKun Lee, None; Lennart Husvogt, None; Andreas Maier, None; Richard Spaide, Topcon Medical Systems, Inc. (R), Topcon Medical Systems, Inc. (C); Jay Duker, Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc. (F), Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc. (C), Optovue, Inc. (F), Optovue, Inc. (C), Topcon Medical Systems, Inc. (F), Topcon Medical Systems, Inc. (C); Nadia Waheed, Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc. (R), Genentech (C), Janssen (C), MVRF (F), Nidek (R), Ocudyne (C), Optovue, Inc. (R), Regeneron (C); James Fujimoto, Optovue, Inc. (I), Royalties from intellectual property owned by MIT and licensed to Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc. (P), Royalties from intellectual property owned by MIT and licensed to Optovue, Inc. (P)
  • Footnotes
    Support  NIH: 5-R01-EY011289-28; AFOSR: FA9550-15-1-0473, FA9550-10-1-0551; MVRF
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science June 2017, Vol.58, 653. doi:
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    • Get Citation

      Patrick Yiu, Eric M. Moult, Stefan B. Ploner, ByungKun Lee, Lennart Husvogt, Andreas K Maier, Richard Spaide, Jay S Duker, Nadia Waheed, James G Fujimoto; Smoothed and Resolved Thresholding (SmaRT-) Display: A New OCTA Display Technique to Resolve the Low Flow Ambiguity. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2017;58(8):653.

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      © ARVO (1962-2015); The Authors (2016-present)

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Abstract

Purpose : OCT angiography (OCTA) provides clinicians with a new perspective on ocular vasculature. However, OCTA is fundamentally different from OCT, and its complex processing steps generate new artifacts that are not present in OCT. The “thresholding” step in OCTA, which removes (makes black) regions of low OCT signal, results in an ambiguity between areas of low OCT signal and areas of low blood flow. In this study we present a new OCTA display technique, SmaRT-Display OCTA, which obviates this ambiguity.

Methods : We propose a mapping scheme based on the hue-saturation-value (HSV) colorspace wherein the OCT signal is mapped to a sigmoidal curve in the value coordinate, the unthresholded OCTA signal is mapped to the saturation coordinate, and the hue coordinate is fixed at red.

Results : SmaRT-Display removes low flow ambiguities in both cross-sectional and en face views.

Conclusions : SmaRT-Display has the potential to reduce misinterpretation of OCTA images and is a first step in expanding the standards of how OCTA data can be presented.

This is an abstract that was submitted for the 2017 ARVO Annual Meeting, held in Baltimore, MD, May 7-11, 2017.

 

Figure 1: Conventional display vs. SmaRT-Display OCTA. (A.1) In the conventional display OCTA, i and ii, which are below the threshold tau, are mapped to same value; this value is essentially indistinguishable from the value to which iv and vi are mapped; finally, iii and v are mapped to the same value. These non-invertible mappings induce ambiguities. (B.1) Using SmaRT-Display, the mappings to the display color space are invertible. (A.2, B.2) Signal flow graphs for the conventional display and SmaRT-Display schemes, respectively.

Figure 1: Conventional display vs. SmaRT-Display OCTA. (A.1) In the conventional display OCTA, i and ii, which are below the threshold tau, are mapped to same value; this value is essentially indistinguishable from the value to which iv and vi are mapped; finally, iii and v are mapped to the same value. These non-invertible mappings induce ambiguities. (B.1) Using SmaRT-Display, the mappings to the display color space are invertible. (A.2, B.2) Signal flow graphs for the conventional display and SmaRT-Display schemes, respectively.

 

Figure 2: (A) OCT, (B) conventional display OCTA, and (C) SmaRT-Display OCTA from an eye with geographic atrophy. First column: en face projections of 110um slab; the black (teal) rectangles in B.1 (C.1) are motion artifacts. Second column: B-scans from dashed white lines in first column. Blue arrows point to areas of low flow with OCT signal above the threshold (en face: intervascular stroma; B-scan: retinal pigment epithelium). Green arrows point to area of high flow with OCT signal above the threshold (en face: choroidal vessel in region of atrophy). Yellow arrows point to areas of high flow with OCT signal below the threshold (en face and B-scan: choroidal vessels outside region of atrophy). White arrows point to area of low flow with OCT signal below the threshold (B-scan: outer nuclear layer).

Figure 2: (A) OCT, (B) conventional display OCTA, and (C) SmaRT-Display OCTA from an eye with geographic atrophy. First column: en face projections of 110um slab; the black (teal) rectangles in B.1 (C.1) are motion artifacts. Second column: B-scans from dashed white lines in first column. Blue arrows point to areas of low flow with OCT signal above the threshold (en face: intervascular stroma; B-scan: retinal pigment epithelium). Green arrows point to area of high flow with OCT signal above the threshold (en face: choroidal vessel in region of atrophy). Yellow arrows point to areas of high flow with OCT signal below the threshold (en face and B-scan: choroidal vessels outside region of atrophy). White arrows point to area of low flow with OCT signal below the threshold (B-scan: outer nuclear layer).

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