July 2018
Volume 59, Issue 9
Open Access
ARVO Annual Meeting Abstract  |   July 2018
Association Between Smoking and Sjögren’s Syndrome and Signs of Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca: Is Smoking Protective?
Author Affiliations & Notes
  • John Alexander Gonzales
    Francis I. Proctor Foundation, San Francisco, California, United States
    Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
  • Annie Chou
    Orofacial Sciences, University of California, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States
  • Jennifer Rose-Nussbaumer
    Francis I. Proctor Foundation, San Francisco, California, United States
    Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
  • Vatinee Y Bunya
    Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
  • Lindsey Criswell
    Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
    Orofacial Sciences, University of California, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States
  • Caroline Shiboski
    Orofacial Sciences, University of California, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States
  • Thomas Lietman
    Francis I. Proctor Foundation, San Francisco, California, United States
    Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
  • Footnotes
    Commercial Relationships   John Gonzales, None; Annie Chou, None; Jennifer Rose-Nussbaumer, None; Vatinee Bunya, Bausch & Lomb (F), National Institutes of Health (F); Lindsey Criswell, None; Caroline Shiboski, None; Thomas Lietman, None
  • Footnotes
    Support  National Institutes of Health - National Eye Institute K23 EY026998
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science July 2018, Vol.59, 4895. doi:
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      John Alexander Gonzales, Annie Chou, Jennifer Rose-Nussbaumer, Vatinee Y Bunya, Lindsey Criswell, Caroline Shiboski, Thomas Lietman; Association Between Smoking and Sjögren’s Syndrome and Signs of Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca: Is Smoking Protective?. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2018;59(9):4895.

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      © ARVO (1962-2015); The Authors (2016-present)

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Abstract

Purpose : Smoking has been associated with worse visual acuity and more severe disease in many ocular diseases and autoimmune diseases. We hypothesized that smoking would be associated with a higher odds of being classified as having Sjögren’s syndrome and worse features of keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) in participants in the Sjögren’s International Collaborative Clinical Alliance (SICCA) Registry.

Methods : Cross-sectional study of 3,514 participants enrolled into the SICCA registry from 9 international research sites. Participants met at least one of five inclusion criteria to enter the registry (including abnormal serologic testing or having complaints of dry eyes or mouth). Past, current or never smoker status was obtained from a questionnaire. Participants received an ophthalmic examination to assess for features of KCS including ocular staining score (OSS), Schirmer 1, and tear break up time (TBUT). Mixed effects logistic regression was performed to determine how smoking status predicted signs of KCS as well as being classified as having Sjögren’s syndrome.

Results : There were 2,072 participants (59%) who had never smoked, 1,092 (31.1%) who were past smokers, 330 (9.4%) current smokers, and 20 (0.6%) who did not report their smoking status. Compared to never smokers, current smokers had a significantly lower odds of being classified as Sjögren’s syndrome (OR = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.29 to 0.52, p =< 0.001). Additionally, current smokers had a statistically significant lower odds of having an abnormal OSS (OR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.46 to 0.78, p < 0.001), abnormal Schirmer 1 score (OR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.51 to 0.91, p = 0.01), and abnormal TBUT (OR = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.29 to 0.52, p < 0.001). We adjusted for the potential confounders of dry mouth symptoms and age.

Conclusions : Compared to never smokers, current smokers exhibited a significantly lower odds of being classified with Sjögren’s syndrome as well as exhibiting features of KCS, even after controlling for dry mouth symptoms and age. Smoking has been shown in other autoimmune conditions to be protective by immunomodulatory mechanisms mediated by nicotine. Future studies exploring the relationship between smoking/nicotine and SS would be helpful exploring this relationship.

This is an abstract that was submitted for the 2018 ARVO Annual Meeting, held in Honolulu, Hawaii, April 29 - May 3, 2018.

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