Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing high glucose (DMEM/D6429) as well as fetal bovine serum (FBS) were obtained from Invitrogen-Gibco (Rockville, MD, USA). Cell culture dishes and 24-well culture plates were from Corning (Corning, NY, USA). Protease inhibitor cocktail was from Sigma-Aldrich Corp. (St. Louis, MO, USA), bovine serum albumin (BSA) was from Nacalai Tesque (Kyoto, Japan), recombinant human TGF-β2 was from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA), and CCG-1423 was from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Alexa Fluor 488–conjugated isolectin GS-IB4 was from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Mouse monoclonal antibodies to α-SMA and to β-actin were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich; bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) were from BD Biosciences (Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA); goat polyclonal antibodies to lamin A/C were from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX, USA); rabbit polyclonal antibodies to MRTF-A (Mkl1) were from Abcam (Cambridge, UK) and Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA) and those to COL1 were from Rockland Immunochemicals (Limerick, PA, USA). Alexa Fluor 488– and Alexa Fluor 568–conjugated secondary antibodies were obtained from Invitrogen. Horseradish peroxidase–conjugated secondary antibodies and ECL Western Blotting Detection Reagents were from GE Healthcare (Little Chalfont, UK). NE-PER nuclear and cytoplasmic extraction reagents were obtained from Thermo Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA); an RNeasy Mini Kit was from Qiagen (Venlo, The Netherlands); ReverTra Ace qPCR RT Master Mix was from Toyobo (Osaka, Japan); and SYBR Green reagents were from Life Technologies (Carlsbad, CA, USA).