June 2023
Volume 64, Issue 8
Open Access
ARVO Annual Meeting Abstract  |   June 2023
A comparison of wavefront-based objective refraction without cycloplegia against subjective refraction with cycloplegia in children
Author Affiliations & Notes
  • Jonas Müller
    Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls Universitat Tubingen, Tubingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
  • Xiaoqin Chen
    Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin, Tianjin, China
  • Lihua Li
    Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin, Tianjin, China
  • Arne Ohlendorf
    Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls Universitat Tubingen, Tubingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
    Carl Zeiss Vision GmbH, Aalen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
  • Siegfried Wahl
    Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls Universitat Tubingen, Tubingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
    Carl Zeiss Vision GmbH, Aalen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
  • Footnotes
    Commercial Relationships   Jonas Müller None; Xiaoqin Chen None; Lihua Li None; Arne Ohlendorf Carl Zeiss Vision GmbH, Code E (Employment); Siegfried Wahl Carl Zeiss Vision GmbH, Code E (Employment)
  • Footnotes
    Support  None
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science June 2023, Vol.64, 4953. doi:
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      Jonas Müller, Xiaoqin Chen, Lihua Li, Arne Ohlendorf, Siegfried Wahl; A comparison of wavefront-based objective refraction without cycloplegia against subjective refraction with cycloplegia in children. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2023;64(8):4953.

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      © ARVO (1962-2015); The Authors (2016-present)

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Abstract

Purpose : Myopia is the most common refractive error and is characterized by blurring of objects viewed at a distance when accommodation is relaxed. As cycloplegia in clinical settings depends on various factors (used pharmaceuticals, time course of application) and as the application of cycloplegia requires trained examiners and more time-consuming measurements under dry (non-cycloplegic conditions) are often preferred.

In order to investigate the agreement between the two measurement conditions, the deviation between wet subjective refraction (cSub) and dry objective wavefront aberrometry (ncOb) has been investigated in a controlled environment of an randomized clinical trial using myopic children.

Methods : 84 right eyes of myopic children (range of cSub spherical equivalent refractive error (SE) -0.75 D to -4.88 D) aged 6 to 13 years were analyzed. NcOb was determined using a wavefront-based autorefraction (i.Profiler plus, Carl Zeiss Vision GmbH, Aalen, Germany), and cSub was performed.
For analysis, obtained data were converted into SE, and Bland-Altman plots were used to analyze the agreement between both methods (ncOb - cSub).

Results : The bias between the two methods can be described as a linear function to account for the influence of the amount of refractive error. The function is y=-0.29*0.071x, and accordingly, for the LOAs y=0.19*0.071x (upper limit) as well as y=-0.76*0.071x (lower limit), respectively. A graphical representation of the regressions and data is provided in Figure 1.

Conclusions : The SE measured with ncOb showed a tendency towards more myopia compared to cSub. This finding is in agreement with published studies, especially in children. In order to perform a bias correction, it seems that the amount of refractive error needs to be considered since lower myopia tends to have a smaller bias than higher ones. This deviation becomes clinically relevant depending on the degree of refractive error.

The presented bias correction enables a clearer interpretation of refraction results between objective and subjective methods.

This abstract was presented at the 2023 ARVO Annual Meeting, held in New Orleans, LA, April 23-27, 2023.

 

Figure 1: Bland-Altman-Plot for SE

Figure 1: Bland-Altman-Plot for SE

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